Editing Computer poker player (section)

== Research groups ==

=== Neo Poker Laboratory ===
Neo Poker Lab was an established science team focused on the research of poker artificial intelligence. For several years it  developed and applied state-of-the-art algorithms and procedures like regret minimization and gradient search equilibrium approximation, decision trees, recursive search methods as well as expert algorithms to solve a variety of problems related to the game of poker. Neo Poker Lab’s website, [https://www.neopokerlab.com neopokerlab.com] is no longer running.

=== The University of Auckland Game AI Group ===
Until 2017, a team from the [[University of Auckland]] consisted of a small number of scientists who employ [[case-based reasoning]] to create and enhance Texas Hold’em poker agents. The group applied different AI techniques to a number of games including participation in the commercial projects Small Worlds and [[Civilization (video game)]].

=== Computer Poker Research Group (University of Alberta, Canada) ===
Until 2019, a large amount of the research into computer poker players was being performed at the [[University of Alberta]] by the Computer Poker Research Group, led by Dr. Michael Bowling.  The group developed the agents ''Poki'', ''PsOpti'', ''Hyperborean'' and [[Polaris (poker bot)|Polaris]].  ''Poki'' has been licensed for the entertainment game ''STACKED'' featuring Canadian poker player [[Daniel Negreanu]].  ''PsOpti'' was available under the name "SparBot" in the poker training program "Poker Academy".  The series of ''Hyperborean'' programs have competed in the Annual Computer Poker Competition, most recently taking three gold medals out of six events in the 2012 competition.  The same line of research also produced [[Polaris (poker bot)|Polaris]], which played against human professionals in 2007 and 2008, and became the first computer poker program to win a meaningful poker competition.

In January 2015, an article in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.1259433|title=Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved|first1=Michael|last1=Bowling|first2=Neil|last2=Burch|first3=Michael|last3=Johanson|first4=Oskari|last4=Tammelin|pmid=25574016|volume=347|issue=6218|date=Jan 2015|journal=Science|pages=145–9|bibcode=2015Sci...347..145B|citeseerx=10.1.1.697.72|s2cid=3796371}}</ref> by Michael Bowling, Neil Burch, Michael Johanson, and Oskari Tammelin claimed that their poker bot [[Cepheus (poker bot)|Cepheus]] had "essentially weakly solved" the game of heads-up limit Texas hold 'em.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Game Theorists Crack Poker |journal=Nature |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/game-theorists-crack-poker/ |author=Philip Ball |date=2015-01-08 |accessdate=2015-01-13 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.16683 |s2cid=155710390 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/computer-conquers-texas-hold-em-canadian-researchers-say-1420743623 |title=Computer Conquers Texas Hold 'Em, Researchers Say |author=Robert Lee Hotz |date=2015-01-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast |work=Quirks & Quarks |title=Poker Computer Takes the Pot [audio interview] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/quirks-quarks-for-jan-10-2015-1.2895561/poker-computer-takes-the-pot-1.2895568 |date=2015-01-10 |host=Bob McDonald}}</ref>

=== School of Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University ===
T. Sandholm and A. Gilpin from [[Carnegie Mellon University]] started poker AI research in 2004 beginning with unbeatable agent for 3-card game called Rhode-Island Hold 'em. Next step was GS1 which outperformed the best commercially available poker bots. In 2006, poker agents from this group started participating in annual computer competitions. "At some point we will have a program better than the best human players" – claimed Sandholm, whose bot, [[Claudico]], faced off against four human opponents in 2015. 

In 2017 the program's software, [[Libratus]], faced off against four professional poker players. By the end of the experiment the four human players had lost a combined $1.8 million of simulated money to Libratus.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-31/inside-the-20-year-quest-to-build-computers-that-play-poker | title = Inside the 20-Year Quest to Build Computers That Play Poker | date= 31 January 2017 | accessdate = 2 February 2017 | publisher = Bloomberg | author = Joshua Brustein | newspaper = Bloomberg.com }}</ref>

In 2019, Libratus was replaced by the final version called [[Pluribus (poker bot)]].