Editing Concert pitch (section)

==Current concert pitches==
The most common standard around the world is currently{{when?|date=December 2022}} A&nbsp;=&nbsp;440&nbsp;Hz.

In practice most orchestras tune to a note given out by the [[oboe]], and most oboists use an electronic tuning device when playing the tuning note. Some orchestras tune using an electronic tone generator.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockfordsymphony.com/faqs/why-does-the-orchestra-always-tune-to-the-oboe/ |title=Why does the orchestra always tune to the oboe?|publisher=Rockfordsymphony.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312064520/https://www.rockfordsymphony.com/faqs/why-does-the-orchestra-always-tune-to-the-oboe/|access-date=2021-05-23|archive-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> When playing with fixed-pitch instruments such as the piano, the orchestra will generally tune to them—a piano will normally have been tuned to the orchestra's normal pitch. Overall, it is thought that the general trend since the middle of the 20th century has been for standard pitch to rise, though it has been rising far more slowly than it has in the past. Some orchestras like the [[Berlin Philharmonic]] now use a slightly lower pitch (443&nbsp;Hz) than their highest previous standard (445&nbsp;Hz).<ref>{{cite web|author=Emanuel Eckardt|author-link=Emanuel Eckardt|url=https://www.zeit.de/2003/01/Philharmoniker/komplettansicht|title=Der Zauber des perfekten Klangs|work=[[Die Zeit]]|date=23 December 2002|access-date=2018-10-11|language=de}}</ref>

Many modern ensembles who specialize in the performance of [[Baroque music]] have agreed on a standard of A&nbsp;=&nbsp;415&nbsp;Hz.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Baroque Clarinet |author=Albert R. Rice |date=1992 |page=57 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199799046}}</ref> An exact equal-tempered semitone lower than 440&nbsp;Hz would be 415.305&nbsp;Hz, though this is rounded to the nearest integer for simplicity and convenience. In principle this allows for playing along with modern fixed-pitch instruments if their parts are transposed down a semitone. It is, however, common performance practice, especially in the German Baroque idiom, to tune certain works to {{Lang|de|Chorton}}, approximately a semitone higher than 440&nbsp;Hz (460–470&nbsp;Hz) (e.g., Pre-Leipzig period cantatas of Bach).<ref>Oxford Composer Companion JS Bach, pp. 369–372. Oxford University Press, 1999</ref>

Orchestras in Cuba typically use A436<!-- See talk page. The NPR ref for A336 is certainly wrong, claimed to be confirmed by Ms. Dinnerstein, who meant 436. Saying Cuban string players tune A4 to 336 makes as much sense as saying "some players use soap instead of rosin, for a smoother sound." --> as the pitch so that strings, which are difficult to obtain, last longer. In 2015 American pianist [[Simone Dinnerstein]] brought attention to this issue and later traveled to Cuba with strings donated by friends.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2015/07/03/419464846/ddfh|title=Simone Dinnerstein on a Trip to Cuba and Making Music out of Difficulty|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=2015-07-03|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Edgers |first=Geoff |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/a-brooklyn-pianist-who-cant-speak-spanish-organizes-the-first-us-tour-of-a-cuban-orchestra-since-castros-revolution/2017/06/08/7794d072-49ce-11e7-9669-250d0b15f83b_story.html |title=A Brooklyn pianist who can't speak Spanish brings a Cuban orchestra to the United States |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=2017-06-11 |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>

=== Controversial claims for 432 Hz ===
Particularly in the beginning of the 21st&nbsp;century, many websites and online videos have been published arguing for the [[Scientific pitch|adoption of the 432&nbsp;Hz tuning]] – often referred to as "Verdi pitch" – instead of the predominant 440&nbsp;Hz. These claims also include [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], related to specious claims of healing properties from 432&nbsp;Hz pitch, or involving Nazis having favored the 440&nbsp;Hz tuning.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cross, Alan |date=13 May 2018 |title=The great 440&nbsp;Hz conspiracy, and why all of our music is wrong |website=Global News |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4194106/440-hz-conspiracy-music/ |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Marian, Jakub |title=The '432&nbsp;Hz vs. 440&nbsp;Hz' conspiracy theory |url=https://jakubmarian.com/the-432-hz-vs-440-hz-conspiracy-theory/ |access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>

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