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== By country == === Australia === In Australia, condominiums are known as "[[Strata title|strata title schemes]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Community title schemes|url=http://www.actpla.act.gov.au/topics/design_build/begin_project/community_titles|work=ACT Planning and Land Authority|publisher=ACT Planning and Land Authority’s (ACTPLA) website}}</ref> or "community title schemes".<ref>{{cite web|title=Body Corporate Legislation in Queensland|url=https://www.qld.gov.au/law/housing-and-neighbours/body-corporate/roles-and-responsibility/body-corporate-legislation/|publisher=Queensland Government}}</ref> === Canada === {{Main|Condominiums in Canada}} The 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) showed that one in eight Canadian households lived in condominium dwellings, colloquially known as "condos", mostly located in a few censuses metropolitan areas according to [[Statistics Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-014-x/99-014-x2011003_1-eng.cfm |title=Condominium dwellings in Canada |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> Condominiums exist in most parts of Canada, though they are more common in larger cities. They are regulated under provincial or territorial legislation, and specific legal details vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In most parts of Canada, they are referred to as condominiums, except in [[British Columbia]], where they are referred to as a ''strata'', and in [[Quebec]], where they are referred to as ''syndicates of co-ownership''.<ref name=cmhc>{{cite book |url = http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/odpub/pdf/63100.pdf |title = Condominium Buyers Guide |year = 2002 |isbn = 0-662-33517-1 |publisher = [[Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation]] |access-date = 2011-02-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130611223618/http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/odpub/pdf/63100.pdf |archive-date = 2013-06-11 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The townhouse complex of Brentwood Village in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], was the first condominium development in Canada (registered in 1967). With regular condominiums, the unit owner usually owns the internal unit space and a share of the corporation; the corporation owns the exterior of the building land and common area; in the case of a ''freehold condominium'' the owner owns the land and building and the corporation owns common shared roadways and amenities.<ref name=cmhc/> The Canadian Condominium Institute is a non-profit association of condominium owners and corporations with chapters in each province and territory.<ref name=cmhc/> The Condo Owners Association COA Ontario is a non-profit association representing condominium owners with divisions across the province and districts within the various municipalities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.remonline.com/ontario-moves-to-license-condo-managers/|title=Ontario moves to license condo managers|date=26 August 2013|access-date=2013-08-26 |publisher=Rem online}}</ref> === Denmark === Apartments (Danish ''ejerlejlighed'', literally "owner-apartment") comprise some 5% of Danish homes.<ref name="danske-boligmarked">{{cite web |title = Det danske boligmarked - udvikling i boligforsyning og boligønsker |author = Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut og Amternes og Kommunernes Forskningsinstitut |url = http://www.sbi.dk/download/pdf/det_danske_boligmarked.pdf |access-date = 2009-10-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132112/http://www.sbi.dk/download/pdf/det_danske_boligmarked.pdf |archive-date = 2011-07-19 |url-status = dead }}</ref> They are traded and mortgaged on the same markets as freestanding houses, and are treated legally much like other forms of real estate. Each owner-tenant directly owns their own apartment; the rest of the building and the ground on which it stands is owned jointly by the apartment owners, who execute their joint ownership through an ''owner's association''. The expenses of maintaining the joint property are shared ''pro rata'' among the owners. Another 5% of Danish homes are in [[housing cooperative]]s (Danish ''andelsbolig''), which occupy a legal position intermediate between condominiums and [[housing association]]s. The entire property is legally owned by a non-profit corporation, in which the tenants own shares; each share carries the right and duty to lease an apartment from the cooperative. Shares can be bought and sold, but often the cooperative's rules strictly limit the price for which they may change hands. (In contrast, condominiums are traded on a free market). Because the official share prices are often lower than the market value and sellers often retain the freedom to select whom to sell to, under-the-table payments occur.<ref name="danske-boligmarked"/> Current public policy favors condominiums over housing cooperatives, and recent legislation has aimed at making the latter more condominium-like. For example, since 2005, cooperative shares may be used to secure bank loans. (However, Danish [[Danish mortgage market|mortgage banks]] still may not mortgage individual housing cooperative apartments.) === England and Wales === In [[England and Wales]], one of the equivalent legal structures of a condominium is [[commonhold]], a form of ownership introduced in September 2004. As of 3 June 2009, there were 12 commonhold residential developments comprising 97 units in England and one commonhold residential development, comprising 30 units, in Wales.<ref>[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]], {{UK Parliament |speaker=[[Michael Wills]] | date=9 June 2009 | place=Written Questions | url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2009-06-09c.278364.h |column=792W |title=Commonhold }}</ref> "Condominium" is not a term that is widely used in England and Wales. Commonhold is a creature of statute and comparatively rare, and condominiums are more likely to be found in the form of leaseholds because of long-standing legal differences between leasehold and freehold tenure. By virtue of the landmark case of ''[[Tulk v Moxhay]]'', in English law only restrictive covenants can be enforced against freehold land. This means it is not possible to enforce a positive covenant on successive owners of freehold land, other than to maintain a boundary fence, without creating an elaborate trust. A positive covenant is, broadly, one that involves the expenditure of money to perform.<ref>{{cite web|last=Teacher |first=Law |url=https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/austerberry-corporation-of-oldham.php?vref=1 |title=Austerberry v Corporation of Oldham |website=LawTeacher.net |date=November 2013 |accessdate=9 May 2023 |location=Fujairah, UAE}}</ref> This did not create a significant problem until the 1950s when flats (where ownership is divided horizontally) first began to appear on the market as more affordable, particularly for first-time buyers. Until then flats had been confined to short-term unsaleable tenancies, with varying degrees of statutory rent protection and security of tenure. It was soon learned that freehold flats were an unsatisfactory form of ownership because it was not possible to impose essential maintenance requirements. As such, flats became virtually unmarketable because they were an unacceptable form of security to lenders. Thus solicitors, the principal property lawyers in England and Wales in those days, began to use leases instead, where such limitations did not apply. Progress was haphazard and piecemeal, but over time things became more standard. Improvements became universal as institutional lenders refused to advance money on the security of flats unless certain basic provisions were included. This benefited owners whether or not they borrowed money since the purchase was invariably conducted through a solicitor or licensed [[conveyancer]] trained to reject leases failing to meet the necessary standards. Despite these standards, the actual form of leasehold systems is variable. Highly favoured are arrangements where the leases are granted out of a freehold owned by a corporation, itself owned by individual leaseholders. This provides an opportunity for them to participate in the proper management of the block. Again, the quality of management is very variable. The statute creating commonholds was motivated by a desire to eliminate some of the problems and perceived injustices, such as the commercial exploitation of lessees by freeholders as their leases began to have too little time left to satisfy lenders. Since most leasehold developments are undertaken by commercial entities, commonholds did not become widespread. There are, however, other statutes in place that give some degree of protection for leaseholders. It is, nevertheless, essential to consider proper legal advice whenever engaged in the purchase of a flat, for the requirements for a fully marketable flat remain complex. The [[Law of Property Act 1925]], s. 153, contains provisions for the "enlargement" of leases into freeholds, one of the effects of which is to preserve the enforceability of positive covenants contained in the lease against the resulting freehold. There are clear, but stringent, requirements. Artificial schemes using the provisions to create enforceable positive covenants in freehold blocks of flats were occasionally mooted but never gained currency. On 21 July 2020 the UK Law Commission reported on the existing difficulties<ref>{{cite report |publisher=Law Commission |title=Reinvigorating commonhold: the alternative to leasehold ownership |url=https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/commonhold/ |date=21 July 2020}}</ref> and made proposals to improve the law and encourage the acceptance of commonhold as the preferred form of tenure. === Finland === {{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}} [[File:Luminary.jpg|thumb|The Luminary, a condominium in [[Tammela, Tampere]], Finland]] In Finland, a condominium-like arrangement where the ownership of the real estate is assigned to specific apartments ({{langx|fi|hallinnanjakosopimus}}, {{langx|sv|avtal om delning av besittningen}}) is usually used only with [[single-family detached home|detached]] or [[semi-detached]] houses. A [[housing cooperative]] is a common form of home ownership in Finland. Owning shares that correspond to one apartment in a housing company is generally considered as much ''owning your own home'' as actually directly owning a (single family) house. However, shares are not considered as [[real estate]] but as [[personal property]] and the co-op can take possession of the apartment for a term time and evict the tenant or owner because of disturbance or unpaid maintenance fees. Finnish housing cooperatives are incorporated as (non-profit) [[limited liability company|limited-liability companies]] ({{langx|fi|asunto-[[osakeyhtiö]]}}, {{langx|sv|bostadsaktiebolag}}), where one share usually represents one square meter (sometimes ten) of the apartment. Membership in a condo is obtained by buying the shares on the open market, most often through a real estate agent. No board approval is needed to buy shares, but in some cases other stockholders or the housing cooperative itself has the right to claim the stocks being sold. There is usually no requirement for the owner(s) to live in the condo. Owning apartments for rent is a common form of saving and private investment in Finland. === Germany === In Germany, condominiums are known as {{lang|de|Eigentumswohnungen}} ({{literal translation|ownership dwellings}}) and the most important law considering condominiums is the {{lang|de|Wohnungseigentumsgesetz}} (abbreviated WoEigG).<ref>{{cite German law | art = | para = | date = 22.12.2023 | en = | enab = | de = Wohneigentumsgesetz | deab = WoEigG | defull = Gesetz über das Wohnungseigentum und das Dauerwohnrecht | year = | part = | pages = }}</ref> It is the basis for all legal regulations involving individual freehold ownership, the rights, and duties of homeowner associations, and the management of condominiums. The WoEigG dates back to 1951, but it was re-enacted in 2007. Now, homeowners are invested with partial legal capacity, which means that the [[homeowner association]] represents an entity with rights and duties that may include contracts. The right of ownership is divided in the first article of the WoEigG into homeownership, individual freehold ownership, part ownership, and commonhold ownership.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.accentro.co.uk/services/real-estate-glossary/glossary/condominium-act-weg-the-law-governing-all-aspects-of-freehold-ownership-in-germany/ |title=Condominium Act (WEG) |work=Real Estate Glossary |publisher=Accentro |access-date=2018-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233534/https://www.accentro.co.uk/services/real-estate-glossary/glossary/condominium-act-weg-the-law-governing-all-aspects-of-freehold-ownership-in-germany/ |archive-date=2018-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Greece === [[File:Condominium in Kypseli.jpg|thumb|A condominium in [[Kypseli, Athens]], Greece.]] In Greece, condominiums became very popular in the 1960s. It is a building one sees everywhere in Greece, since most of its population lives in big cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/urbanization/ |title=Field Listing Urbanization |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2021-06-28}}</ref> They are known as {{lang|el|πολυκατοικίες}} ({{lang|el-Latn|[[Polykatoikia|polykatoikíes]]}}), literally "multi-residences". === Hong Kong === In Hong Kong the equivalent to a condominium is a "multi-owner building" or "building in multiple ownership". These are sometimes part of a [[Private housing estates in Hong_Kong | private housing estate]] comprising multiple buildings but often consist of a single building owned in common. The relationships among the parties, including rights of exclusive occupation of flats and parking spaces, are defined by the deed of mutual covenant ("DMC", analogous to the master deed described above) and the Building Management Ordinance Cap. 344.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hastings |first1=E.M. |last2=Wong |first2=S.K. |last3=Walters |first3=Megan |date=2006-05-01 |editor-last=CW Ho |editor-first=Daniel |title=Governance in a co-ownership environment: The management of multiple-ownership property in Hong Kong |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02637470610660165/full/html |journal=Property Management |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=293–308 |doi=10.1108/02637470610660165 |issn=0263-7472|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Hungary === {{More citations needed section|date=November 2022}} [[File:Társasház alaprajza (részlet).jpg|thumb|Floor plan of a condo - Andrássy avenue, Budapest]] Condominiums are a very common form of real estate ownership in contemporary Hungary, as most state- or municipality-owned apartments were privatized following the [[end of socialism in Hungary]] in 1989. Historically, condominiums ({{langx|hu|társasház}}) were formalized as a legal ownership structure as early as 1924. Condominiums in Hungary are traded and mortgaged on the same market as any free-standing single-family home ({{langx|hu|kertesház}}; "garden-house"), and are treated much like other forms of real estate. The condominium acts as a non-profit legal entity maintaining the common areas of the property, and is managed by a representative ({{langx|hu|közös képviselő}}) elected by the owners' convention. Historically, this representative was one of the owners themselves; in the 21st century, however, the owners' convention typically hires a professional building manager who does not personally live in the building. Decisions that involve changes to the terms and conditions, or larger common expenses, still need to be approved by the convention, however. Voting power is based on the percentage of property owned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legislation.mt/eli/bill/1997/12/eng/pdf|title=LEĠIŻLAZZJONI MALTA|website=legislation.mt}}</ref> === India === In India, condominiums are known as "Apartments" or "Apartment Buildings/Complexes" or "Societies" or "Flats". Each building consists of multiple floors and flats/living units with different configurations. The most common configurations are "1-BHK", "2-BHK" and "3-BHK" (BHK stands for bedroom-hall-kitchen).<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding Cooperative Housing: Types, Features & Benefits - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/guide-to-cooperative-housing-societies-blid5158 |website=timesproperty.com |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> The association of homeowners has many names - two common names are Resident Welfare Association (RWA) and the other being a Co-operative Housing Society (CHS) or Co-operative Group Housing Society (CGHS), which needs to be registered with the municipal authorities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balasubramanian |first1=Harini |title=Cooperative housing society: Objectives, types and advantages |url=https://housing.com/news/cooperative-housing-society-chs/ |website=Housing.com |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> === Iran=== Iranian government has begun supporting villas and opposing apartment building concerned by people's manner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=معاون رئیس جمهور در امور زنان: چهار امتیاز ویژه برای ازدواج دهه شصتیها ارائه میشود |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85148912/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87 |website=www.irna.ir |date=23 June 2023 |language=fa}}</ref> === Israel === In Israel, condominiums (known ''"בתים משותפים"'', "shared houses" or "cooperative houses") are a common form of home ownership. Public housing has historically been organized as subsidized purchases and mortgages in government-constructed condominiums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleil.org/details.aspx?itemID=7464|title=הבית הקבלני המשותף בישראל|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155221/http://www.peopleil.org/details.aspx?itemID=7464|archive-date=2017-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Italy=== In Italy, the condominium (''"Condominio"'') is governed by law, last reformed in 2012. Co-ownership of the common parts of the buildings (such as the stairs, main walls, facades, roof, and courtyards) is mandatory: a landlord can not give up the right to common parts for not paying the costs. Each owner's quota in the condominium is expressed in thousandths (''"millesimi"'') of the whole; these are used to determine majorities in owners' assemblies (''"assemblee condominiali"'').<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.condominionews.com/2016/01/italiancondominium.html|title=Italian's condominiums|newspaper=Condominio News - Il Condominio a Portata di Mano |access-date=21 January 2016 }}</ref> ===The Netherlands=== See [[Housing cooperative#Owner association|housing cooperative]] under ''owners association''. === Norway === {{unreferenced section| date = January 2013}} Condominiums (Norwegian ''Eierseksjon'') was formally introduced in 1983. Approximately 19% of Norwegian homes are condominiums, as approximately 50% of the owner-occupied flats and duplexes, approximately 30% of the rowhouses, and 2.5% of the detached houses are organized as condominiums. === Pakistan === {{unreferenced section| date = March 2016}} The title "Condominiums" is not used in Pakistan rather they are called "Flats" for average-style buildings while "Complexes" for sophisticated and larger buildings. The minimum number of floors for a building to be classified as "Flats" is four, with a requirement for having at least one elevator or lift for buildings upwards of four floors. Almost all have a separate room called the "Drawing Room", used for guest entertainment purposes. However, its use as a TV room and dining room is common. Another unique feature is the balcony or "terrace", which is standard for all flats. === Philippines === In the Philippines, condominiums are classified into three types: low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise. Condos have a special type of ownership title called a CCT - condominium certificate of title. Condominiums usually have amenities, like swimming pools, owned parking, a clubhouse, and a building for administration.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mercado|first1=Caren|title=A Guide to Residential Spaces in the Philippines (Part 1)|url=http://kmcmaggroup.com/blog/2014/2/28/a-guide-to-residential-spaces-in-the-philippines/|website=kmcmaggroup.com/|publisher=KMC MAG Group|access-date=Sep 17, 2014|archive-date=July 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708183312/http://kmcmaggroup.com/blog/2014/2/28/a-guide-to-residential-spaces-in-the-philippines/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Russia === {{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}} Initially, the concept of a condominium was introduced by the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of the Federal Housing Policy" No. 4218-1 dated December 24, 1992: "Condominium is an association of owners of residential premises in apartment buildings with the establishment of conditions for joint ownership and use of inter-apartment stairs, elevators, corridors, roofs, technical basements, non-apartment engineering equipment, adjacent territory, and other common areas. === Singapore === {{unreferenced section| date = January 2013}} [[File:Condos and the Singapore Flyer by the Kallang River.jpg|thumb|A condominium complex in Singapore next to the [[Kallang River]]]] In [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]], "Condo" or "Condominium" are terms used for housing buildings with some special luxury features like security guards, swimming pools, or tennis courts. In Singapore, most houses without such features are built by the governmental Housing Development Board (HDB), and such HDB units can be possessed for rent or individually bought from the government. Condominiums and HDB flats make up the overwhelming majority of available residential housing in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/households/households/latest-data |title=Singapore Department of Statistics, Household Data |website=www.singstat.gov.sg}}</ref> === South Africa === In South Africa, condominiums are known as "Sectional Title" properties and are governed by the Sectional Titles Act No. 95 of 1986.<ref name=SectionalTitlesAct>{{cite web|title=SECTIONAL TITLES ACT NO. 95 OF 1986|url=http://csg.dla.gov.za/act95_86.htm|work=Chief Surveyor General of the South African Government|access-date=8 February 2013}}</ref> Town-house complexes and many apartment blocks typically have this form of title.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} The owners of the complex constitute the Body Corporate, and the Body Corporate elects a group of Trustees to manage the day-to-day management of the complex, who often hire a company specialising in complex management, known as a Managing Agent. {{citation needed|date=November 2022}} === Spain === In Spain, condominiums are known as "comunidad de propietarios" (legal term) and "comunidad de vecinos" (popular term), and are governed by the Ley de Propiedad Horizontal (L.P.H.) which significantly extends the Spanish Civil Code.<ref>{{cite book |title = Guía práctica: Comunidades de propietarios |trans-title=Condominiums: The Practical Guide |url = http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UrbanismoyVivienda/Vivienda/GuiaComPropietarios/guiacomprop.pdf |editor = Oficina de Información de Vivienda |publisher = Ayuntamiento de Madrid |language = es |year = 2012 |page = 7 |quote = Las comunidades de bienes se regulan por las normas contenidas en el Código Civil, en tanto que la comunidad de propietarios encuentra su regulación en la Ley de Propiedad Horizontal.}}</ref> L.P.H. became the law in 1960 and more than half of the Spanish population live in condominiums.<ref>{{cite book |title = Comunidad de Propietarios: Las Nuevas Leyes de Propiedad Horizontal y de Multipropiedad |trans-title=Condominiums: The New Laws of the Horizontal Property and Timeshare |author = Marcos Aurelio Casado Martín |publisher = EDOCUSA |location = Madrid |language = es |year = 1999 |isbn = 84-86939-17-8 }}</ref> According to [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|INE]], there are almost 840,000 condominiums in Spain which comprise around 9 million habitat buildings.<ref>{{cite news |title = Cómo conseguir el certificado energético, de la A a la G |url = http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2013/05/30/vivienda/1369923662_063438.html |author = Juana Viúdez |newspaper = El País |language = es |date = 4 June 2013 |access-date = 29 August 2013 |quote = Teniendo en cuenta que, según los últimos datos del INE, en España hay en torno a 840.000 comunidades de propietarios en casi nueve millones de edificios de viviendas, ese gasto global asciende a unos 5.040 millones de euros. }}</ref> === Sweden === On 1 May 2009, condominiums (''ägarlägenheter'') became available for the first time under Swedish law.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thelocal.se/15600/20081111/ |title=Owner-occupied flats coming to Sweden |date=11 November 2008 |first=David |last=Landes |newspaper=[[The Local]]}}</ref> Of the 14,447 newly built apartments completed in 2009, only six were condominiums. A majority of production, 7,723 units, were apartments in [[housing cooperative]]s (''bostadsrättslägenheter''), the traditional form of owner-occupied apartment housing.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Få ägarlägenheter i nyproduktion, korrigerad 2010-10-26 |publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]] |date=6 May 2010 |url=http://www.scb.se/Pages/PressRelease____292864.aspx |language=sv |access-date=2010-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230205702/http://www.scb.se/Pages/PressRelease____292864.aspx |archive-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of late 2014, there were 955 condominiums total throughout all of Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lantmateriet.se/globalassets/pressrum/dokument/2015/fastighetsfakta_arsrapport_2014.pdf|title=Fastighetsfakta årsrapport 2014}}</ref> === Thailand === Nationwide, as of February 2018, Bangkok represented 58% of Thailand's new construction condominium market while the other provinces accounted for the remaining 42%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.bot.or.th/statistics/BOTWEBSTAT.aspx?reportID=102&language=ENG |title=Bank of Thailand (Statistical Data) Property Indicators |access-date=2019-03-19 }}</ref> The unit type has seen steady growth in the Thai market over the previous decades, in contrast to the declining percentage in the traditional detached house.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/1000013801.pdf |title=National Housing Authority (NHA) Kingdom of Thailand |access-date=2019-03-19 }}</ref> The condo development trend continues nationwide as dozens of projects are in progress in Bangkok,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://propertypassbook.com/real-estate/bangkok/ |title=Bangkok Real Estate Pricing, Yields, and Scores |access-date=2019-03-19 }}</ref> several others are underway in the [[Eastern seaboard of Thailand|Eastern Economic Corridor]] provinces of Chon Buri and Rayong, and to the west in Phetchaburi and Prachuap Khiri Khan. === Vietnam === In [[Vietnam]], condominiums have become increasingly popular, especially in urban areas like [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-07-10 |title=Condo prices in Hanoi catching up with the HCM City market |url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/condo-prices-in-hanoi-catching-up-with-the-hcm-city-market-post289907.vnp |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=Giá ở mức cao, nhưng chung cư tại Hà Nội và TP.HCM vẫn 'khan hàng' |url=https://tienphong.vn/gia-o-muc-cao-nhung-chung-cu-tai-ha-noi-va-tphcm-van-khan-hang-post1653388.tpo |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Báo điện tử Tiền Phong |language=vi}}</ref> The Law on Residential Housing (No. 65/2014/QH13), effective since July 1, 2015, allows foreigners to purchase condominiums in Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=Vietnam's property market remains resilient |url=https://estaventure.com/vietnams-property-market-remains-resilient/#:~:text=Through%20the%20Housing%20Law%20(Law,can%20now%20purchase%20residential%20property. |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Báo điện tử Tiền Phong |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Điều kiện mua bán căn hộ chung cư |url=https://dangcongsan.vn/ban-doc/hoi-dap/dieu-kien-mua-ban-can-ho-chung-cu-571730.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=dangcongsan.vn |language=vi}}</ref> However, there are restrictions: foreigners can own up to 30% of the apartments in a condominium and a maximum of 250 individual houses within a designated area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CÔNG BÁO/Số 37 + 38/Ngày 08-01-2024 |url=https://tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn/Uploads/2024/4/7/2/Luat-27.pdf}}</ref> The ownership period is limited to 50 years, with an option to extend for another 50 years. This law aims to attract foreign investment while ensuring that the majority of housing remains accessible to Vietnamese citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Mua chung cư sau 50 năm sẽ thế nào? |url=https://vov.vn/kinh-te/bat-dong-san/mua-chung-cu-sau-50-nam-se-the-nao-post1021721.vov |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=VOV.VN |language=vi}}</ref> === United States === The first condominium law passed in the United States was in the [[Puerto Rico|Commonwealth of Puerto Rico]] in 1958.<ref>Poliakoff, G: ''Law of Condominium Operations'', §1.2. 2009.</ref><ref name=IR159 /> In 1960, the first condominium in the continental U.S. was built in [[Salt Lake City]], Utah. The legal concept had spread to the U.S. from Europe via the Caribbean (Puerto Rico and Cuba) but throughout the 1960s it was widely and erroneously reported that the concept had arisen in the U.S. directly based on a Roman model. In fact, the concept of an estate in the air was antithetical to Roman law, and there is no evidence of an ancient Roman ''condominio''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Natelson|first1=Robert|title=Comments on the Historiography of Condominium: The Myth of Roman Origin|journal=City of Oklahoma Law Review|date=1987|volume=12|issue=1|url=http://constitution.i2i.org/files/2010/09/Comments-on-the-Historiography-of-Condominium-The-Myth-of-Roman-Origin.pdf|access-date=12 Feb 2014}}</ref> [[Image:400SGreenLoft.jpg|thumb|The interior of a [[loft]] condominium in [[Chicago]]'s west side, US]] Section 234 of the Housing Act of 1961 allowed the [[Federal Housing Administration]] to insure mortgages on condominiums, leading to a vast increase in the funds available for condominiums, and to condominium laws in every state by 1969.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kerr|first1=William|title=Condominium - Statutory Implementation|journal=St. John's Law Review|date=2013|volume=38|issue=1|url=http://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4266&context=lawreview|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Since then, the term 'condominium', or 'condo' for short, has become a household word in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=140}}</ref> Many Americans' first widespread awareness of condominium life came not from its largest cities but from [[South Florida]], where developers had imported the condominium concept from [[Puerto Rico]] and used it to sell thousands of inexpensive homes to retirees arriving flush with cash from the urban northern U.S.<ref name=IR159>{{cite web|title=Information Report No. 159|url=https://www.planning.org/pas/at60/pdf/report159.pdf|publisher=American Society of Planning Officials|access-date=27 July 2014|date=June 1962|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909234758/https://www.planning.org/pas/at60/pdf/report159.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The primary attraction to this type of ownership is the ability to obtain affordable housing in a highly desirable area that typically is beyond economic reach. Additionally, such properties benefit from having restrictions that maintain and enhance value, providing control over blight that plagues some neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carter|first1=Charles|last2=Marcus|first2=Allen|title=Pets, Politics, and Condominium Prices|url=http://www.petsincondos.org/PetsAndCondoPrices.pdf|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727115523/http://www.petsincondos.org/PetsAndCondoPrices.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Over the past several decades, the residential condominium industry has been booming in some metropolitan areas, such as [[Miami]], [[San Francisco]], [[Seattle]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[New York City]]. However, in recent years, supply within the condo industry has caught up with demand, and sales have slowed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clarke|first1=Katherine|title=Sales slow at high-end condos as pricey pads grow plentiful around city|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/occupy-w-57th-st-article-1.1827613|access-date=27 July 2014|work=New York Daily News|date=13 June 2014}}</ref> It is now in a slowdown phase.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reality Check: US Home Resales Firm Feb Vs Jan, Drop y/y|url=http://imarketnews.com/?q=node/27899|work=iMarketNews}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An alternative form of ownership, popular in parts of the U.S. but found also in other [[common law]] jurisdictions, is [[housing cooperative]], also known as "company share" or "co-op". A Housing Cooperative is where the building has an associated legal [[corporation|company]] and ownership of shares gives the right to a [[lease]] for the residence of a unit.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cheung|first1=Maria|title=The Art of Wooing a Co-op/Condo Board|date=6 May 2014|url=http://www.pulversthompson.com/real-estate-blog/art-wooing-co-opcondo-board/|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Another form is [[ground rent]] (''solarium'') in which a single landlord retains ownership of the land (''solum'') but leases the surface rights (''superficies'') which renew in perpetuity or over a very long term.<ref>{{cite web|title=Understanding Ground Rent in Maryland|url=http://www.peoples-law.org/understanding-ground-rent-maryland|website=The People's Law Library of Maryland|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> In the U.S., there are several different styles of condominium complexes. For example, a garden condominium complex consists of low-rise buildings built with landscaped grounds surrounding them. A [[townhouse]] condominium complex consists of multi-floor semi-detached homes. In condominium townhouses, the purchaser owns only the interior, while the building itself is owned by a condominium corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Condominium vs. Townhouse|url=http://realvaluations.com/CONDOMINIUM%20VS.%20TOWNHOUSE-.pdf|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> The corporation is jointly owned by all the owners and charges them fees for general maintenance and major repairs. [[Freehold (law)|Freehold]] townhouses are exclusively owned, without any condominium aspects. In the U.S., this type of ownership is called [[fee simple]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bruce|first1=John|title=Review of Tenure Terminology|url=http://www.minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/22013/73_tb1.pdf|website=University of Wisconsin|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Image:WilshireRegent.jpg|The [[Wilshire Regent]] condominiums in [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S. Image:aqualbview.jpg|Aqua waterfront condominiums in [[Long Beach, California]], U.S. Image:1224DearbornChicago.jpg|A historic mansion converted into condominiums in [[Chicago]], U.S. Image:Endeavour Luxury Condominiums on Clear Lake.jpg|Endeavour Luxury Condominiums on Clear Lake, near Galveston Bay </gallery> New York's Condominium Act was passed in 1964. The first condominium building was the St. Tropez Condominium in [[Manhattan]], built in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.habitatmag.com/tags/view/geotags/New+York+City/Manhattan/Upper+East+Side/St.+Tropez+Condominium/340+E.+64th+Street|title=340 E. 64th Street - Habitat Magazine|website=www.habitatmag.com}}</ref>
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