Editing Consent decree (section)

===Antitrust law===

Violations of [[United States antitrust law|antitrust law]] are typically resolved through consent decrees, which began to be more widely used after 1914 with the enactment of the [[Clayton Antitrust Act]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kramer |first=Victor H. |date=1958 |title=Modification of Consent Decrees: A Proposal to the Antitrust Division |journal=Michigan Law Review |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=1051–1066 |doi=10.2307/1285759|issn=0026-2234 |jstor=1285759 |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol56/iss7/2 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This act began to address the complexities of antitrust economic regulation{{sfn|Isenbergh|Rubin|1940|pp=386–414}} by recognizing the use of consent decrees as a method for the enforcement of federal antitrust legislation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stedman |first=Robert |date=31 May 1965 |title=Consent Decrees and the Private Action: An Antitrust Dilemma |url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2986&context=californialawreview |journal=California Law Review |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=627–654 |doi=10.15779/Z38647H |access-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084653/https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2986&context=californialawreview |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Isenbergh|Rubin|1940|pp=386–414}} In amending the antitrust statutes laid out in the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] (1890) and its supplement, the [[Clayton Antitrust Act]] (1914),<ref name=":10" /> the [[Tunney Act]] further specified how consent decrees could be used by establishing that the courts must demonstrate that consent decrees serve the "public interest" in antitrust cases filed by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name="resnik2015" /><ref name="west" /><ref name=":8" />{{sfn|Mengler|1987|pp=291–346}} In regard to antitrust decrees, the first consent decree used in antitrust regulation under the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] was ''[[Swift & Co. v. United States]]''<ref name=":6" /> in which the Court used its power under the [[Commerce Clause]] to regulate the Chicago meat trust as an unlawful economic monopoly.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oyez.org/cases/1901-1939/1904/1904_103 |title=Swift & Co. v. United States |date=September 25, 2015|work=The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150925041421/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1901-1939/1904/1904_103|archive-date=2015-09-25}}</ref> In ''[[Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States]]'', the government used consent decrees to dissolve the [[Horizontal integration|horizontal monopoly]] that [[John D. Rockefeller]] had established.{{sfn|Stedman|1965|pp=631–632}}<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Other examples of antitrust consent decrees can be found in a wide range of areas, including their involvement in corporations specializing in technology,<ref>{{cite court |name=United States v. Microsoft Corporation |court=D.C. Circ. |reporter=F.3d |vol=253 |opinion=34 |date=2001 |url= https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/253/34/576095/}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> the film industry,<ref>{{ussc |name=United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. |volume=344 |page=131 |pin=141 |date=1948}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=1941 |title=Legislation by Consent in the Motion Picture Industry |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=854–875 |doi=10.2307/792512 |issn=0044-0094 |jstor=792512 |s2cid=220422287 |url= https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/20.500.13051/13057/2/58_50YaleLJ854_1940_1941_.pdf }}</ref> and the motor vehicle industry.<ref name="west" /><ref>{{ussc |name=Chrysler Corp. v. United States |volume=316 |page=556 |date=1942}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dabney |first=Seth M. |date=1958 |title=Antitrust Consent Decrees: How Protective an Umbrella |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=68 |issue=7 |pages=1391–1407 |doi=10.2307/794370 |jstor=794370 |url= https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8727&context=ylj}}</ref>