Editing Conversation analysis (section)

===Sequence organization===

==== Adjacency pairs ====
{{main|Adjacency pairs}}
Talk tends to occur in responsive pairs; however, the pairs may be split over a sequence of turns. Adjacency pairs divide utterance types into ''first pair parts'' and ''second pair parts'' to form a ''pair type''. There are many examples of adjacency pairs including Questions-Answers, Offer-Acceptance/Refusal and Compliment-Response.<ref name="Schegloff1973">{{cite journal |last1=Schegloff |first1=Emanuel A. |last2=Sacks |first2=Harvey |title=Opening up Closings |journal=Semiotica |date=1973 |volume=8 |issue=4 |doi=10.1515/semi.1973.8.4.289|s2cid=144411011 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/~eckert/PDF/schegloffOpeningUpClosings.pdf|access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref>

==== Sequence expansion ====
Sequence expansion allows talk which is made up of more than a single adjacency pair to be constructed and understood as performing the same basic action and the various additional elements are as doing interactional work related to the basic action underway.<br/>Sequence expansion is constructed in relation to a base sequence of a ''first pair part'' (FPP) and a ''second pair part'' (SPP) in which the core action underway is achieved. It can occur prior to the base FPP, between the base FPP and SPP, and following the base SPP.
* '''Pre-expansion''': an adjacency pair that may be understood as preliminary to the main course of action. A generic pre-expansion is a summon-answer adjacency pair, as in "Mary?"/ "Yes?". It is generic in the sense that it does not contribute to any particular types of base adjacency pair, such as request or suggestion. There are other types of pre-sequence that work to prepare the interlocutors for the subsequent speech action. For example, "Guess what!"/"What?" as preliminary to an announcement of some sort, or "What are you doing?"/"Nothing" as preliminary to an invitation or a request.<ref>{{cite book | last=Terasaki | first=Alene Kiku | title=Conversation Analysis | chapter=Pre-announcement sequences in conversation | publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company | publication-place=Amsterdam | year=2004 | issn=0922-842X | doi=10.1075/pbns.125.11ter | pages=171–223}}</ref>
* '''Insert expansion''': an adjacency pair that comes between the FPP and SPP of the base adjacency pair. Insert expansions interrupt the activity under way, but are still relevant to that action.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=Gail|editor-last=Sudnow|editor-first=David|title=Studies in social interaction|date=1972|publisher=The Free Press|location=New York|isbn=9780029323601|pages=294–338|chapter=Side sequences}}</ref> Insert expansion allows a possibility for a second speaker, the speaker who must produce the SPP, to do interactional work relevant to the projected SPP. An example of this would be a typical conversation between a customer and a shopkeeper:
::Customer: I would like a turkey sandwich, please. (FPP base)
::Server: White or wholegrain? (Insert FPP)
::Customer: Wholegrain. (Insert SPP)
::Server: Okay. (SPP base)
* '''Post-expansion''': a turn or an adjacency pair that comes after, but is still tied to, the base adjacency pair. There are two types: minimal and non-minimal. Minimal expansion is also termed ''sequence closing thirds'', because it is a single turn after the base SPP (hence ''third'') that does not project any further talk beyond their turn (hence ''closing''). Examples of sequence closing thirds include "oh", "I see", "[[OK|okay]]", etc.

==== Preference organization ====
CA may reveal structural (i.e. practice-underwritten) preferences in conversation for some types of actions (within sequences of action) over others, as responses in certain sequential environments.<ref name=Pomerantz1978>{{cite book |last=Pomerantz |first=Anita|editor1-last=Schenkein|editor1-first=Jim|chapter=Compliment Responses: Notes on the co-operation of multiple constraints|title=Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction |date=1978 |pages=79–112 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-623550-0.50010-0 |isbn=9780126235500 |s2cid=146783679 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126235500500100}}</ref> For example, responsive actions which agree with, or accept, positions taken by a first action tend to be performed more straightforwardly and faster than actions that disagree with, or decline, those positions.<ref name="Pomerantz1984">{{cite book |last=Pomerantz |first=Anita|editor1-last=Atkinson |editor1-first=J. Maxwell |editor2-last=Heritage |editor2-first=John |title=Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis |date=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780511939037 |pages=57–101|chapter=Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes|url=https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=cas_communication_scholar|access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Judy A. |editor1-last=Atkinson |editor1-first=J. Maxwell |editor2-last=Heritage |editor2-first=John |title=Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis |date=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780511939037 |pages=102–128 |chapter=Subsequent versions of invitations, offers, requests, and proposals dealing with potential or actual rejection}}</ref> The former is termed a preferred turn shape, meaning the turn is not preceded by silence nor is it produced with delays, mitigation and accounts. The latter is termed a dispreferred turn shape, which describes a turn with opposite characteristics. One consequence of this is that agreement and acceptance are promoted over their alternatives, and are more likely to be the outcome of the sequence. Pre-sequences are also a component of preference organization and contribute to this outcome.<ref name="Schegloff2007" />