Editing Cryptococcus neoformans (section)

==Serious complications of human infection==
Infection begins in the lungs, and from there the fungus can disseminate to the brain and other body parts via macrophages. An infection of the brain caused by ''C. neoformans'' is referred to as cryptococcal meningitis, which is most often fatal when left untreated.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bicanic |first1=Tihana |last2=Harrison |first2=Thomas S. |date=1 January 2004 |title=Cryptococcal meningitis |journal=British Medical Bulletin |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=99–118 |doi=10.1093/bmb/ldh043 |issn=1471-8391 |pmid=15838017}}</ref> Cryptococcal meningitis causes more than 180,000 deaths annually.<ref name="chen">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Lei |last2=Tian |first2=Xiuyun |last3=Zhang |first3=Lanyue |last4=Wang |first4=Wenzhao |last5=Hu |first5=Pengjie |last6=Ma |first6=Zhongyi |last7=Li |first7=Yeqi |last8=Li |first8=Shibin |last9=Shen |first9=Zhenghao |last10=Fan |first10=Xin |last11=Ye |first11=Leixin |last12=Ke |first12=Weixin |last13=Wu |first13=Yao |last14=Shui |first14=Guanghou |last15=Xiao |first15=Meng |display-authors=5 |date=15 January 2024 |title=Brain glucose induces tolerance of Cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin B during meningitis |journal=Nature Microbiology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=346–358 |doi=10.1038/s41564-023-01561-1 |issn=2058-5276 |pmid=38225460 |last16=He |first16=Guang-jun |last17=Yang |first17=Ying |last18=Fang |first18=Wenxia |last19=Bai |first19=Fan |last20=Liao |first20=Guojian |last21=Chen |first21=Min |last22=Lin |first22=Xiaorong |last23=Li |first23=Chong |last24=Wang |first24=Linqi}}</ref> CNS (central nervous system) infections may also be present as a brain abscesses known as ''cryptococcomas'', subdural effusions, dementia, isolated cranial nerve lesions, spinal cord lesions, and ischemic stroke. The estimated one-year mortality of HIV-related people who receive treatment for cryptococcal meningitis is 70% in low-income countries versus 20–30% for high-income countries.<ref name=rajasingham>{{cite journal |display-authors=5| last1=Rajasingham | first1=Radha | last2=Smith | first2=Rachel M | last3=Park | first3=Benjamin J | last4=Jarvis | first4=Joseph N | last5=Govender | first5=Nelesh P | last6=Chiller | first6=Tom M | last7=Denning | first7=David W | last8=Loyse | first8=Angela | last9=Boulware | first9=David R | title=Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis | journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases | volume=17 | issue=8 | date=2017 | pmid=28483415 | pmc=5818156 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30243-8| pages=873–881}}</ref> Symptoms include headache, fever, neck stiffness, nausea and vomiting, photophobia. Diagnosis methods include a serum cryptococcal antigen test and lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination to detect ''C. neoformans''.<ref>{{cite book| title=Guidelines for diagnosing, preventing and managing cryptococcal disease among adults, adolescents and children living with HIV | publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)| date=27 June 2022| url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240052178|isbn=978-92-4-005217-8}}</ref>