Editing Cuthbert (section)

==Legacy==
[[File:The St Cuthbert Gospel of St John. (formerly known as the Stonyhurst Gospel) is the oldest intact European book. - Upper cover (Add Ms 89000) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The front cover of the [[St Cuthbert Gospel]] of St John, recovered from his coffin; the original tooled red goatskin binding is the earliest surviving Western binding.]]
After Cuthbert's death, numerous [[miracle]]s were attributed to his intercession and to intercessory [[prayer]] near his remains. The 8th-century historian Bede wrote both a verse and a prose life of St. Cuthbert around 720. He has been described as "perhaps the most popular saint in Britain prior to the death of [[Thomas Becket]] in 1170."{{sfn|Marner|2000|p=9}} In 698, Cuthbert was reburied at Lindisfarne in the decorated oak coffin now usually meant by St Cuthbert's coffin, though he was to have many more coffins.{{efn|Cronyn and Horie, 5–7, are the easiest guide to this very complicated history, or see {{harvnb|Battiscombe|1956|pp= 2–22}} and [[Ernst Kitzinger]]'s chapter on the coffin. Bede, chapter 42 is the primary source.}} In 995, the "community of Cuthbert" founded and settled at Durham, guided by what they thought was the will of the saint, as the wagon carrying his coffin back to Chester-le-Street after a temporary flight from a Danish invasion became stuck hard on the road.

During the medieval period, Cuthbert became important in defining the identity of the people living in Northumbria north of Tees. Symeon noted that it was the 'people of St Cuthbert', that is, 'the whole people between the river Tees and the river Tweed', who waged an unsuccessful campaign against the Scots at the [[Battle of Carham]] in 1018.{{sfn|Liddy|2008|p=187}} By the later 11th century the Bishops of Durham had established a semi-autonomous region known as the [[Liberty of Durham]], later the [[Palatinate of Durham]], between the Tyne and Tees. Within this area the [[Bishop of Durham]] had almost as much power as the [[Monarch|king]] of England himself, and the saint became a powerful symbol of the autonomy the region enjoyed. The inhabitants of the Palatinate became known as the ''haliwerfolc'', which roughly translates as "people of the saint", and Cuthbert gained a reputation as fiercely protective of his domain.{{sfn|Lapsley|1900|p=}} For example, there is a story that at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] in 1346, the Prior of the Abbey at Durham received a vision of Cuthbert, ordering him to take the [[Corporal (liturgy)|corporal]] cloth of the saint and raise it on a spear point near the battlefield as a banner. Doing this, the Prior and his monks found themselves protected "by the mediation of holy St Cuthbert and the presence of the said holy Relic".{{sfn|Fowler|1903|p=107}} Whether the story of the vision is true or not, the banner of St Cuthbert was regularly carried in battle against the Scots until the [[English Reformation|Reformation]], and it serves as a good example of how St Cuthbert was regarded as a protector of his people. A modern interpretation of the Banner, designed by Northumbria University academic Fiona Raeside-Elliott and embroidered by local textile artist Ruth O'Leary, is now on display at the saint's shrine in Durham Cathedral.

Cuthbert's cult also appealed to the converted Danes, who now made up much of the population of [[Kingdom of York]], and was also adopted by the Normans when they took over England. Cuthbert's shrine at Durham Cathedral was a major pilgrimage site throughout the Middle Ages, until stripped by Henry VIII's commissioners in the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]].

===Relics===
[[File:St-Cuthbert-Incorrupt.png|thumb|left|The [[Incorruptibility|incorrupt body]] of Cuthbert from [[Bede]]'s Life of Cuthbert, 12th century]]
[[File:St Cuthberts Tomb.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Location of St Cuthbert's tomb and reburial in Durham Cathedral; behind is a damaged statue of St Cuthbert, holding the head of the [[Oswald of Northumbria|king St Oswald]] (whose head was reburied with Cuthbert)]]
According to [[Bede]]'s life of the saint, when Cuthbert's sarcophagus was opened eleven years after his death, his body was found to have been perfectly preserved or [[Incorruptibility|incorrupt]].{{sfn|Bede|721}} This apparent miracle led to the steady growth of Cuthbert's posthumous [[Cult (religious practice)|cultus]], to the point where he became the most popular saint of Northern England and Southern Scotland. Numerous miracles were attributed to his intercession and to intercessory prayer near his remains.

In 875 the [[Denmark|Danes]] took the monastery of Lindisfarne and the monks fled, carrying St Cuthbert's body with them around various places including [[Melrose Abbey|Melrose]].<ref name=Melrose/> After seven years' wandering it found a resting place at the still existing [[St Mary and St Cuthbert, Chester-le-Street|St Cuthbert's church]] in [[Chester-le-Street]] until 995, when another Danish invasion led to its removal to Ripon. Then the saint intimated, as it was believed, that he wished to remain in Durham. A new stone church—the so-called "White Church"—was built, the predecessor of the present grand Cathedral. In 999, his relics were enshrined in the new church on 4 September, which is kept as the feast of his translation at Durham Cathedral<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service schedule 23 August 20221 to 5 September 2021 |url=https://www.durhamcathedral.co.uk/_assets/media/editor/Service_Schedules/2021/service-schedule-2021-08-23-2021-0905.pdf |publisher=Durham Cathedral |accessdate=4 September 2021 |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904080746/https://www.durhamcathedral.co.uk/_assets/media/editor/Service_Schedules/2021/service-schedule-2021-08-23-2021-0905.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and as an optional memorial in the Catholic Church in England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Calendar for England |url=http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/National/England1.shtml |publisher=The Catholic Church in England and Wales |accessdate=4 September 2021}}</ref>
In 1069 [[Æthelwine (bishop of Durham)|Bishop Æthelwine]] attempted to transport Cuthbert's body to Lindisfarne to escape from [[William the Conqueror|King William]] at the start of the [[Harrying of the North]].{{sfn|Fletcher |2003|p= 180}}

[[File:The Journey Cuthbert of Lindisfarne.JPG|thumb|right|''The Journey'', a modern sculpture showing the travels of the Lindisfarne community, by [[Fenwick Lawson]]. Shown here in the Millennium Square, [[Durham, England|Durham]].]]

In 1104 Cuthbert's tomb was opened again and his [[relics]] translated to a new [[shrine]] behind the [[altar]] of the recently completed Cathedral. When the casket was opened, a small book of the [[Gospel of John]], measuring 138 by 92 millimetres (5.4 × 3.6 inches), now known as the [[Saint Cuthbert Gospel]] (now [[British Library]] Additional MS 89000, formerly known as the Stonyhurst Gospel), was found. This is the oldest Western book to have retained its original [[bookbinding]], in finely decorated leather.<ref>[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2012/04/st-cuthbert-gospel-saved-for-the-nation.html "St Cuthbert Gospel Saved for the Nation"], British Library Medieval and Earlier Manuscripts Blog, accessed 17 April 2012</ref> Also recovered much later were a set of [[vestments]] of 909–916, made of [[Byzantine silk]] with a "Nature Goddess" pattern, with a [[stole (vestment)|stole]] and decoration in extremely rare Anglian [[embroidery]] or ''[[opus anglicanum]]'', which had been deposited in his tomb by King [[Æthelstan]] (r. 927–939) on a pilgrimage while Cuthbert's shrine was at Chester-le-Street.{{sfn|Webster|2012|p=172}}{{sfn|Jones|n.d.}}

Cuthbert's shrine was destroyed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries, but, unusually, his relics survived and are still interred at the site, although they were also disinterred in the 19th century, when his wooden coffin and various relics were removed. St Cuthbert's coffin (actually one of a series of several coffins), as reconstructed by [[Ernst Kitzinger]] and others, remains at the cathedral and is an important rare survival of Northumbrian carving on wood. When the coffin was last inspected on 17 May 1827, a 'Saxon' square cross of gold, embellished with garnets, in the characteristic splayed shape, used later as the heraldic emblem of St Cuthbert in the arms of Durham and Newcastle universities, was found.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

===Namesakes===
<!-- Commented out: [[File:Cuthbert covercropped.jpg|thumb|280px|left|The front cover of the [[St Cuthbert Gospel]]; the original tooled red goatskin binding is the earliest surviving Western binding]] -->
[[File:Pectoral Cross of St Cuthbert.svg|thumb|left|Cross of Cuthbert]]
The [[flag of County Durham]] since 2013 features the Cross of St Cuthbert, [[counterchanged]] in the county colours of blue and gold. The [[flag of Kirkcudbrightshire]] in Scotland since 2016 likewise features the Cross of St Cuthbert, whose name is the origin of the county's name. The Cross of St Cuthbert features as the principal charge on the coat of arms of the [[University of Durham]], granted in 1843, blazoned ''Argent, a Cross of St Cuthbert Gules, on a canton Azure, a chevron Or, between three lions rampant of the first'' ('A red Cross of St Cuthbert on a silver shield, with three silver fighting lions around a gold chevron on a blue square in the top left-hand corner'). The Cross also features in the arms of many of its constituent colleges. The [[University of Newcastle upon Tyne]], formerly King's College in the University of Durham, also features St Cuthbert's Cross on its arms, granted in 1937. The Newcastle University arms are blazoned ''Azure, a Cross of St Cuthbert Argent, and on a chief of the last a lion passant guardant Gules.'' ('A silver Cross of St Cuthbert on a blue shield, with a red lion walking and looking towards you on the silver top third portion of the shield.') The cross of St Cuthbert also features on the badges of the two Anglican secondary schools in [[Tyne and Wear]], namely [[Dame Allan's Schools]] and Sunderland High School.

[[St Cuthbert's Society]], a college of Durham University established in 1888, is named after him and is located only a short walk from the coffin of the saint at Durham Cathedral. The Society celebrates St Cuthbert's Day on or around each 20 March with a feast. "Cuth's Day", the annual college day, is celebrated in the Easter term with music, entertainment, festivities and drinking. Cuddy's Corse is a [[waymarking|waymarked]] walking route between [[Chester-le-Street]] and Durham Cathedral; it marks the journey between two of the last resting places of the coffin.

[[Worksop College]], founded as St Cuthbert's in 1895, was the last of the [[List of Woodard Schools|Woodard Schools]] to be opened.

St Cuthbert is also the namesake of [[St Cuthbert's College, Auckland|St Cuthbert's College]] in [[Epsom, New Zealand]]; St Cuthbert's Day on 21 March is a day of school celebration. The school's houses are named after important locations in the life of the saint: [[Dunblane Cathedral|Dunblane]] (yellow), [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] (green), Iona (purple), [[Kelso Abbey|Kelso]] (blue), [[Lindisfarne]] (white), [[Melrose Abbey|Melrose]] (red), York (orange) and Durham (pink).

[[St Cuthbert's High School]], a Roman Catholic school in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], is named after the saint. St Cuthbert's Day is celebrated with Mass, and the [[school prayer]]s include reference to their patron saint (always ending with the invocation "St Cuthbert, pray for us"). The school badge features a bishop's crook in reference to St Cuthbert's time as a bishop, as well as ducks, reflecting his love of the animals.

Another Roman Catholic secondary school to bear the name of St Cuthbert is [[St Cuthbert's RC High School]] in [[Rochdale]]. Founded in 1968 as Bishop Henshaw School it was renamed to its current name in the late 1980s. The school's badge includes the St Cuthbert Cross and the motto "In Christ We Serve".

[[St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society]] (now [[Scotmid]]) opened its first shop in Edinburgh in 1859, and expanded to become one of the largest co-ops in Scotland. Its dairy used horse-drawn delivery floats until 1985, and between 1944 and 1959 employed as a milkman [[Sean Connery]], who later played [[James Bond]].

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle]] holds St Cuthbert as its patron saint, with the consecration of bishops in the diocese always taking place on 20 March, Cuthbert's feast day in the Catholic Church.

Many churches are named after Cuthbert. An Orthodox Community in [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]], England, has taken St Cuthbert as their patron.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stcuthbertsorthodoxcommunity.co.uk/|title=Loading...|website=stcuthbertsorthodoxcommunity.co.uk|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026190807/http://www.stcuthbertsorthodoxcommunity.co.uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Fossilised [[crinoid]] columnals extracted from limestone quarried on Lindisfarne, or found washed up along the foreshore, which were threaded into necklaces or rosaries, became known as [[St. Cuthbert's beads]].

In Northumberland, the [[eider duck]] is known as the cuddy duck. While on the Farne Islands, Cuthbert instituted special laws to protect the ducks and other seabirds nesting on the islands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eiderdown.org/famous-eider-colony.html|title=Eiderdown: Famous Eider Colony|website=eiderdown.org}}</ref><ref name=cduck/> They still breed in their thousands off the present day Northumberland coast.<ref name="cduck">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/livingworld_20020303.shtml|title=BBC – Radio 4 – The Living World: The Eider Duck|website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

In Cumbria, the civil parish and hamlet of [[Holme St Cuthbert]] are named after him, as is the parish church. It is a rural area, with one larger village and numerous smaller hamlets.

[[St Cuthbert's Way]] is a long-distance walking route, one of [[Scotland's Great Trails]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stcuthbertsway.info/|title=St Cuthbert's Way &#124; Long Distance Walk from Melrose in the Borders Scotland to Holy Island in Northumberland England|website=St Cuthbert's Way}}</ref>

Cuthbert is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] with a [[Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)|Lesser Festival]] on [[March 20|20 March]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Calendar |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=The Church of England |language=en}}</ref> or alternatively 4 September and in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in England on 4 September.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/2023/Sep.shtml | title=Liturgical Calendar &#124; September 2023 }}</ref>