Editing Dartmouth Time-Sharing System (section)

==Usage==
{{blockquote|No student at Dartmouth has a fear of the machine. After a brief period at the console, when the student might play a football game or write a few simple programs, he comes away with a much different relationship. The fear and mystery of the computer are suddenly gone.|Kemeny, 1971{{r|dtssbrochure}}}}

{{as of|1971}} 57% of DTSS use was for courses and 16% for research.{{r|dtssbrochure}} Kemeny and Kurtz intended for students in technical and nontechnical fields to use DTSS. They arranged for the second trimester of the freshman mathematics class to include a requirement for writing and debugging four Dartmouth BASIC programs. By 1968, more than 80% of Dartmouth students had experience in computer programming. 80 classes included "official" computer use, including those in engineering, classics, geography, sociology, and Spanish;{{r|dtss196810}} that students in the [[Tuck School of Business]] and social sciences, not mathematics or engineering, were the heaviest users surprised Kemeny. By 1972 90% of students had computer experience; because faculty knew that students were familiar with DTSS, using it became a routine part of many courses.<ref name="kemeny1972">{{Cite book |last=Kemeny |first=John G. |url=https://archive.org/details/mancomputer00keme/page/32/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Man and the Computer |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1972 |location=New York |pages=32–37, 41 |isbn=978-0-684-13009-5 |language=en-US |lccn=72-1176}}</ref> A 1975 survey found that 29% of faculty used the computer in courses and 73% of students were enrolled in them, 43% of faculty used it in research, and 45% of faculty had written a computer program. By that year university administration used 28% of timesharing resources to students' 20%, with the [[registrar (education)|registrar]] and housing office among users.<ref name="dartmouthitchistory1975">{{Cite web |title=The 1970s |url=https://www.dartmouth.edu/its-tools/archive/history/timeline/1970s.html#1975 |access-date=2023-02-18 |work=The Dartmouth Computing Timeline}}</ref>

27% of DTSS use {{as of|1971|lc=y}} was for casual use and entertainment, which the university stated "is in no sense regarded as frivolous", as such was an enjoyable way for users to become familiar with and not fear the computer.{{r|dtssbrochure}}{{r|kemeny1972}} The library of hundreds of programs included, Kemeny and Kurtz reported, "[[Early mainframe games|many games]]".{{r|dtss196810}}{{r|kemeny1972}} They were pleased by the widespread faculty use of DTSS, and that many students continued using the system after no longer being required to. Kemeny—by then the university president—wrote in a 1971 brochure describing the system that just as a student could enter [[Baker Memorial Library]] and borrow a book without asking permission or explaining his purpose, "any student may walk into Kiewit Computation Center, sit down at a console, and use the time-sharing system. No one will ask if he is solving a serious research problem, doing his homework the easy way, playing a game of football, or writing a letter to his girlfriend".{{r|dtssbrochure}}<ref name="mccracken20140429">{{cite magazine | url=https://time.com/69316/basic/ | title=Fifty Years of BASIC, the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 29, 2014 | access-date=March 19, 2016 | author=McCracken, Harry}}</ref>{{r|kemeny1972}} By 1972 the football simulation supported simultaneous head-to-head play as a [[multiplayer video game]].{{r|kemeny1972}} Kiewit's location near [[Dartmouth College Greek organizations]] made it popular for socializing;<ref name="rankin20181101">{{Cite web |last=Rankin |first=Joy Lisi |date=2018-11-01 |title=Tech-Bro Culture Was Written in the Code |url=https://slate.com/technology/2018/11/dartmouth-basic-computer-programmers-tech-bros.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Slate |language=en-US}}</ref> students often brought dates to the Computation Center, both to play games and to demonstrate their own programs.{{r|kemeny1972}}

By the 1967–68 school year, in addition to 2,600 Dartmouth users, 5,550 people at ten universities and 23 high schools accessed DTSS.<ref name="dtss196810">{{cite journal | url=http://dtss.dartmouth.edu/sciencearticle/index.html | title=Dartmouth Time-Sharing |author1=Kemeny, John G. |author2=Kurtz, Thomas E. | journal=Science | date=October 11, 1968 | volume=162 | issue=3850 | pages=223–228| doi=10.1126/science.162.3850.223 | pmid=5675464 | bibcode=1968Sci...162..223K | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Kemeny had a terminal at home, and as president installed one in his office.<ref name="farber19700124">{{Cite news |last=Farber |first=M. A. |date=1970-01-24 |title=Dartmouth Picks a New President |language=en-US |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/24/archives/dartmouth-picks-a-new-president-dr-john-kemeny-leading.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By the early 1970s the campus had more than 150 terminals in 25 buildings,{{r|kemeny1972}} including portable units for patients at the campus infirmary. About 2,000 users logged into DTSS each day; 80% of students and 70% of faculty used the system each year. The off-campus Dartmouth Educational Time-Sharing Network included users with 79 terminals at 30 high schools and 20 universities, including [[Middlebury College]], [[Phillips Andover]], [[Mount Holyoke College]], [[Goddard College]], the [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]], the [[United States Naval Academy]], [[Bates College]], the Dartmouth Club of New York, and a Dartmouth affiliate in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], sharing DTSS with Dartmouth people.<ref name="dtssbrochure">{{cite book | url=http://dtss.dartmouth.edu/brochure/pages/page01.html | title=The Kiewit Computation Center & The Dartmouth Time-Sharing System | publisher=Dartmouth College | year=c. 1971}}</ref> The system allowed email-type messages to be passed between users and real-time chat via a precursor to the [[Unix]] [[talk (software)|talk]] program.

While several languages were available on DTSS, {{as of|1972|lc=y}} 98% of programs were written in Dartmouth BASIC.{{r|kemeny1972}} Because BASIC did not change, the system remained compatible with older applications; Kemeny reported in 1974 that programs he had written in 1964 would still run.{{r|ncc1974}} By 1980, supported languages and systems included:<ref>Bull, pages 166-167</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 7MAP – DTSS [[Honeywell 316|716]] [[Assembly_language#Macros|Macro Assembly]] Program
* 8MAP – DTSS [[PDP-8]] Macro Assembly Program
* 9MAP – DTSS [[PDP-9]] Macro Assembly Program
* ALGOL – DTSS [[ALGOL 60]]
* ALGOL68 – DTSS [[ALGOL 68]]
* APL – DTSS [[APL (programming language)|APL]]
* BASIC – [[Dartmouth BASIC]]
* CHESS – Chess-playing Program 
* COBOL – DTSS [[COBOL]]
* COURSE – IBM-compatible COURSEWRITER III author program
* CPS – 'Complete Programming System' developed at Bates College
* CROSREF – Program cross-references
* DDT – Honeywell 600/6000 [[machine language]] debugging program
* DMAP – DTSS [[DATANET-30]] Macro Assembly Program
* DTRAC – DTSS [[TRAC (programming language)|Text Reckoning and Compiling]] Language
* DXPL – DTSS [[XPL]] Translator Writing System
* DYNAMO – [[DYNAMO (programming language)|DYNAMO]] Simulation language
* FORTRAN – DTSS [[FORTRAN]]
* GMAP – Honeywell 600/6000 Macro Assembly Program
* LISP – DTSS [[LISP]]
* MIX – DTSS [[MIX (abstract machine)|MIX]] Assembler
* PILOT – DTSS PILOT course writer
* PL/I – DTSS [[PL/I]]
* PLOT – Graphics system for use with BASIC or SBASIC
* SBASIC – Structured BASIC
* SIX – FORTRAN 76
* SNOBOL – DTSS [[SNOBOL4]]
{{div col end}}