Editing Darwin (operating system) (section)

==Release history==
The following is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release and their derivative operating system releases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://opensource.apple.com|title=Open Source Releases|publisher=[[Apple Developer|Apple Developer Connection]]|access-date=February 11, 2013}}</ref> Note that the corresponding releases may have been released on a different date.

===Darwin 0–8 and corresponding Mac OS X releases===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 0.1
| March 16, 1999
| rowspan="3" | Mac OS X Server 1.0 releases
|
* Initial release
* 0.1 is contrived (for sorting and identification) as this identified itself simply as Rhapsody 5.3
|-
! 0.2
| April 14, 1999
| Mac OS X Server 1.0.1
|-
! 0.3
| August 5, 1999
| Based on Rhapsody 5.5
* ISO image is available on [https://archive.org/details/Darwin0.3CDCaseFront archive.org]
* After this point the kernel changed from the NeXTSTEP/OPENSTEP/Rhapsody to the newer XNU for Mac OS X
|-
! 1.0
| April 12, 2000
|
| Developer preview 3
* ISO image is available on [https://archive.org/details/Darwin1.0 archive.org]
|-
! 1.1
| April 5, 2000
|
| Developer preview 4
|-
! 1.2.1
| November 15, 2000
| [[Mac OS X Public Beta]] (code-named "Kodiak")
|
|-
! 1.3.1
| April 13, 2001
| [[Mac OS X v10.0]] (code-named "Cheetah")
| 
* First commercial release of Darwin
* All releases of Cheetah (v10.0.0–4) had the same version of Darwin.
|-
! 1.4.1
| October 2, 2001
| rowspan="3" | [[Mac OS X v10.1]] (code-named "Puma")
|
* Performance improvements to "boot time, real-time threads, thread management, cache flushing, and preemption handling"
* Support for [[Server Message Block|SMB]] network file system
* [[Wget]] replaced with [[cURL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2029.html|title=Technical Note TN2029: Mac OS X v10.1|publisher=[[Apple Developer|Apple Developer Connection]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011114205940/http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2029.html|archive-date=November 14, 2001}}</ref>
|-
! 5.1
| November 12, 2001
| Mac OS X v10.1.1
* Change in numbering scheme to match the [[macOS|Mac OS X]] build numbering scheme
|-
! 5.5
| June 5, 2002
| Mac OS X v10.1.5
|-
! 6.0.1
| September 23, 2002
| rowspan="2" | [[Mac OS X v10.2]] (code-named "Jaguar")
|
* [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] upgraded from 2 to 3.1
* [[IPv6]] and [[IPSec]] support
* mDNSResponder [[service discovery]] [[daemon (computer software)|daemon]] ([[Bonjour (software)|Rendezvous]])
* Addition of [[CUPS]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], and [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
* [[journaling file system|Journaling]] support in [[HFS+]] (Darwin 6.2)
* Application profiles ("pre-heat files") for faster program launching.<ref>{{cite web|first=John|last=Siracusa|date=September 5, 2002|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/macosx-10-2.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=May 31, 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 6.8
| October 3, 2003
| Mac OS X v10.2.8
|-
! 7.0
| October 24, 2003
| rowspan="2" | [[Mac OS X Panther]]
| Mac OS X v10.3.0
* BSD layer synchronized with [[FreeBSD]] 5
* Automatic file [[defragmentation]], hot-file clustering and optional [[case sensitivity]] in HFS+
* [[Bash (Unix shell)|Bash]] instead of [[tcsh]] as default [[Unix shell|shell]]
* Read-only [[NTFS]] support (Darwin 7.9)<ref>{{cite web|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=November 9, 2003|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/macosx-10-3.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.3 Panther|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=May 31, 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 7.9
| April 15, 2005
| Mac OS X v10.3.9
|-
! 8.0
| April 29, 2005
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[Mac OS X Tiger]]
                | Mac OS X for [[Apple TV]]
                }}
| Mac OS X v10.4.0
* Download for Darwin 8.0.1 can be found [https://sourceforge.net/projects/darwinsource/files/Darwin/8.0.1/ here]
* Mac OS X for Apple TV in Darwin 8.8.2
* Stable kernel [[API|programming interface]], finer-grained kernel [[lock (computer science)|locking]], 64-bit BSD layer
* [[launchd]] [[operating system service management|service management]] framework
* [[Extended file attributes]], [[access control lists]]
* Commands such as [[cp (Unix)|cp]] and [[mv (Unix)|mv]] updated to preserve extended attributes and [[resource fork]]s<ref>{{cite web|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=April 28, 2005|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/macosx-10-4.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=May 30, 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 8.11
| November 14, 2007
| Mac OS X v10.4.11
|-
|}
The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was designed to tie Darwin to the Mac OS X version and build numbering system, which in turn is inherited from NeXTSTEP. In the build numbering system of macOS, every version has a unique beginning build number, which identifies what whole version of macOS it is part of. Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier build numbers represented developer releases).<ref>{{cite mailing list|last=Prabhakar|first=Ernie|date=November 9, 2001|url=http://lists.apple.com/archives/darwin-development/2001/Nov/msg00189.html|title=Darwin Version - New Scheme in Software Update 1|mailing-list=darwin-development|access-date=June 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195544/http://lists.apple.com/archives/darwin-development/2001/Nov/msg00189.html|archive-date=January 14, 2009|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Darwin 9; iPhone OS introduced===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 9.0
| October 26, 2007
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[Mac OS X Leopard]]
                | [[IOS version history#iPhone OS 1|iPhone OS 1]]
                }}
| Mac OS X v10.5.0
* iPhone OS 1 support in Darwin 9.0.0d1
* Full POSIX compliance, improved hierarchical [[process scheduling]] model, [[dynamic memory allocation|dynamically allocated]] [[paging|swap files]], dynamic resource limits (for [[computer file|files]] and [[process (computing)|processes]]), process [[sandbox (computer security)|sandboxing]], [[address space layout randomization]], [[DTrace]] [[tracing (software)|tracing]] framework, [[file system]] events daemon, [[directory (file systems)|directory]] [[hard links]]
* [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] 1.3 and [[PHP]] 4 updated to Apache 2.2 and PHP 5, read-only [[ZFS]] support.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=October 28, 2007|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/mac-os-x-10-5.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: the Ars Technica review|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=May 30, 2008}}</ref>
* First Darwin core used for iPhone devices.
|-
! 9.8
| August 5, 2009
| Mac OS X v.10.5.8
|-
|}

===Darwin 10-11; iPhone OS rebranded to iOS===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 10.0
| August 28, 2009
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard]]
                | [[iPhone OS 3]]
                }}
| Mac OS X v10.6.0
* End of official support for PPC architecture (although several fat binaries, such as Kernel, still contain PPC images)
* 64-bit kernel and drivers
* [[libdispatch]] [[task parallelism|task parallelization]] framework
* [[OpenCL]] [[heterogeneous computing]] framework
* Initial support for [[Automatic Reference Counting]]
* Support for [[blocks (C language extension)|blocks]] in [[C (programming language)|C]]
* Transparent [[file compression]] in HFS+.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=August 31, 2009|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2009/08/mac-os-x-10-6.ars|title=Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard: the Ars Technica review|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=November 29, 2009}}</ref>
|-
! 10.8
| June 23, 2011
| Mac OS X v10.6.8
|-
! 11.0.0
| July 20, 2011
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[Mac OS X Lion]]
                | [[iOS 4|iOS 4.3]]<ref name="darwin-11-found-on-a-jailbroken-iphone-4s">As found on a [[iOS jailbreaking|jailbroken]] [[iPhone 4S]]</ref>
                }}
| Mac OS X v10.7.0
* XNU no longer supports PPC binaries (fat binary only for i386, x86_64).
* XNU requires an x86_64 processor, except for iOS which is ARM based.
* Improved sandboxing of applications
* Complete support for [[Automatic Reference Counting]]
|-
! 11.4.2
| October 4, 2012
| Mac OS X v10.7.5 (supplemental)
|-
|}

===Darwin 12–15; Mac OS X rebranded into OS X===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 12.0.0
| February 16, 2012
| rowspan="2" | [[OS X Mountain Lion]]
| OS X v10.8.0
* Mac OS X was rebranded into OS X.
* [[Objective-C]] garbage collection was deprecated in favor of [[Automatic Reference Counting]]
|-
! 12.6.0
| January 27, 2015
| OS X v10.8.5 (with Security Update 2015-001)
|-
! 13.0.0
| June 11, 2013
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[OS X Mavericks]]
                | [[iOS 6]]
                }}
| OS X v10.9.0
* [[Virtual memory compression]]
* [[Timer coalescing]]
* [[OpenGL]] 4.1 and [[OpenCL 1.2]]
* [[Server Message Block]] version 2 (SMB2) is now the default protocol for sharing files instead of [[Apple Filing Protocol|AFP]]. This is to increase performance and cross-platform compatibility.
* IPoTB (Internet Protocol over [[Thunderbolt (interface)|Thunderbolt]] Bridge).
* The [[Open Transport]] API has been removed
|-
! 13.4.0
| September 17, 2014
| OS X v10.9.5
|-
! 14.0.0
| September 18, 2014
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[OS X Yosemite]]
                | [[iOS 7]], [[iOS 8]]
                | [[watchOS]] 1
                }}
| OS X v10.10.0
|-
! 14.5.0
| August 13, 2015
| OS X v10.10.5
|-
! 15.0.0
| September 16, 2015
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[OS X El Capitan]]
                | [[iOS 9]]
                | [[watchOS]] 2
                | [[tvOS]] 9
                }}
| OS X v10.11.0 and iOS 9.0
* [[System Integrity Protection]]. Protects certain system parts from being modified or tampered with by a process even if run by root or by a user with root privileges.
* [[sudo]] is configured with the "tty_tickets" flag by default, restricting the session timeout to the terminal session (such as a window or tab) in which the user authenticated the program.
* [[LibreSSL]] replaces [[OpenSSL]]
|-
! 15.6.0
| July 18, 2016
| OS X v10.11.6 and iOS 9.3.3
|-
|}

===Darwin 16–19; OS X rebranded into macOS===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 16.0.0
| September 13, 2016
| rowspan="3" | {{ubl
                | [[macOS Sierra]]
                | [[iOS 10]]
                | [[watchOS]] 3
                | [[tvOS]] 10
                | [[bridgeOS]] 1
                }}
| macOS v10.12.0 and iOS 10.0.1 <small>(initial release version)</small>
* OS X was rebranded into macOS.
* Writing to <code>/Volumes</code> directory is now restricted to root user or any user with root privileges
* [[System Integrity Protection]] now covers <code>/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC</code> directory that contains a list of applications that are allowed to "control the computer"
* [[Objective-C]] [[Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collector]] removed and replaced by [[Automatic Reference Counting]] that was introduced with Darwin v12.0 (OS X v10.8). Objective-C applications that use garbage collection will no longer work.
* Native support for [[PPTP]] was removed.
|-
! 16.5.0
| March 27, 2017
| macOS v10.12.4 and iOS 10.3
* Changed filesystem from [[HFS+]] to [[APFS]] on iOS devices. APFS is already available on macOS since 10.12.0 but can't be used on boot partition.
|-
! 16.6.0
| July 19, 2017
| macOS v10.12.6 and iOS 10.3.3
|-
! 17.0.0
| September 19, 2017
| rowspan="4" | {{ubl
                | [[macOS High Sierra]]
                | [[iOS 11]]
                | [[watchOS]] 4
                | [[tvOS]] 11
                | [[bridgeOS]] 2
                }}
| 
* [[APFS]] replaces [[HFS+]] as the default filesystem for boot partition in macOS on Macs with [[flash storage]]. On Macs with [[hard disk drive|HDDs]], the boot partition must be reformatted to use APFS.
* [[ntpd]] replaced by [[timed]] as a time synchronization service
* [[FTP]] and [[telnet]] commands are removed.
* [[Loadable kernel module|Kernel extensions]] ("kexts") will require explicit approval by the user before being able to run.
|-
! 17.5.0
| March 29, 2018
| macOS 10.13.4
* Support for external graphics processors using [[Thunderbolt (interface)#Thunderbolt 3|Thunderbolt 3]], and removes support for external graphics processors using Thunderbolt 1 and 2.
|-
! 17.6.0
| June 1, 2018
| macOS v10.13.5
|-
! 17.7.0
| July 9, 2018
| macOS v10.13.6 and iOS 11.4.1
|-
! 18.0.0
| September 24, 2018
| rowspan="2" | {{ubl
                | [[macOS Mojave]]
                | [[iOS 12]]
                | [[watchOS]] 5
                | [[tvOS]] 12
                | [[bridgeOS]] 3
                }}
| 
|-
! 18.2.0
| October 30, 2018
| macOS v10.14.1 and iOS 12.1
* Added support for the new Radeon Vega 20 GPUs in the new MacBooks
|-
! 19.0.0
| September 19, 2019
| rowspan="6" | {{ubl
                | [[macOS Catalina]]
                | [[iOS 13]]
                | [[watchOS]] 6
                | [[tvOS]] 13
                | [[bridgeOS]] 4
                }}
| 
|-
! 19.2.0
| December 10, 2019
| macOS 10.15.2 and iOS 13.3
|-
! 19.3.0
| January 28, 2020
| macOS 10.15.3 and iOS 13.3.1
* System Extensions replace Kexts and runs in userspace, outside of the kernel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2019/702/|title = System Extensions and DriverKit - WWDC19 - Videos}}</ref>
* [[DriverKit]] replaces [[I/O Kit]]. It Introduces "Dexts" (Driver Extensions) which are built using DriverKit. Driverkit is a new SDK with all new frameworks based on IOKit, but is updated and modernized. Device Drivers run in userspace, outside of the kernel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/documentation/systemextensions|title=SystemExtensions|website=Apple Developer Documentation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/documentation/driverkit|title=DriverKit|website=Apple Developer Documentation}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2019/702/|title=System Extensions and DriverKit|website=Apple Developer Documentation}}</ref>
|-
! 19.4.0
| March 24, 2020
| 
|-
! 19.5.0
| April 30, 2020
| macOS 10.15.5 and iOS 13.5
|-
! 19.6.0
| June 1, 2020
| macOS 10.15.6 beta 2 and iOS 13.6.0 beta 2
|-
|}

===Darwin 20 onwards===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Version
! style="width: 128px;" | Date
! style="width: 159px;" | Corresponding releases
! Notes
|-
! 20.0.0
| June 22, 2020
| rowspan="7" | {{ubl
  | [[macOS Big Sur]]
  | [[iOS 14]]
  | [[watchOS]] 7
  | [[tvOS]] 14
  | [[bridgeOS]] 5
  }}
| macOS 11.0 beta 1 and iOS 14.0 beta 1
|-
!20.1.0
|September 3, 2020
|macOS 11.0 and iOS 14.0
|-
!20.2.0
|November 12, 2020
|macOS 11.1 and iOS 14.3
|-
!20.3.0
|February 1, 2021
|macOS 11.2, iOS 14.4, iPadOS 14.4, watchOS 7.3 and tvOS 14.4. 
|-
!20.4.0
|April 20, 2021
|macOS 11.3, iOS 14.5, iPadOS 14.5, watchOS 7.4 and tvOS 14.5. 
|-
!20.5.0
|May 24, 2021
|macOS 11.4 and iOS 14.6
|-
!20.6.0
|June 2, 2021
|macOS 11.5 beta 2 and iOS 14.7 beta 2
|-
!21.0.0
|June 7, 2021
| rowspan="8" | {{ubl
  | [[macOS Monterey]]
  | [[iOS 15]]
  | [[watchOS]] 8
  | [[tvOS]] 15
  | [[bridgeOS]] 6
  }}
|macOS 12.0 beta 1 and iOS 15.0 beta 1
|-
!21.0.1
|October 25, 2021
|macOS 12.0
|-
!21.1.0
|October 25, 2021
|macOS 12.0.1 and iOS 15.0
|-
!21.2.0
|December 7, 2021
|macOS 12.1 and iOS 15.2
|-
!21.3.0
|January 26, 2022
|macOS 12.2 and iOS 15.3
|-
!21.4.0
|March 14, 2022
|macOS 12.3 and iOS 15.4
|-
!21.5.0
|June 24, 2022
|macOS 12.4 and iOS 15.5
|-
!21.6.0
|July 20, 2022
|macOS 12.5 and iOS 15.6
|-
!22.0
|June 6, 2022
| rowspan="7" | {{ubl
  | [[macOS Ventura]]
  | [[iOS 16]]
  | [[iPadOS 16]]
  | [[watchOS#watchOS_9|watchOS 9]]
  | [[tvOS#tvOS_16|tvOS 16]]
  | [[bridgeOS|bridgeOS 7]]
  }}
|macOS 13.0 beta 1, iOS 16.0, watchOS 9.0 and tvOS 16.0
|-
!22.1.0
|October 24, 2022
|macOS 13.0, iOS 16.1, iPadOS 16.1, watchOS 9.1 and tvOS 16.1
|-
!22.2.0
|December 13, 2022
|macOS 13.1, iOS 16.2, iPadOS 16.2, watchOS 9.2 and tvOS 16.2
|-
!22.3.0
|January 23, 2023
|macOS 13.2, iOS 16.3, iPadOS 16.3, watchOS 9.3 and tvOS 16.3
|-
!22.4.0
|March 27, 2023
|macOS 13.3, iOS 16.4, iPadOS 16.4, watchOS 9.4 and tvOS 16.4
|-
!22.5.0
|May 18, 2023
|macOS 13.4, iOS 16.5, iPadOS 16.5, watchOS 9.5 and tvOS 16.5
|-
!22.6.0
|July 24, 2023
|macOS 13.5, iOS 16.6, iPadOS 16.6, watchOS 9.6 and tvOS 16.6
|-
!23.0.0
|September 18, 2023
| rowspan="6" | {{ubl
  | [[macOS Sonoma]]
  | [[iOS 17]]
  | [[iPadOS 17]]
  | [[watchOS#watchOS_10|watchOS 10]]
  | [[tvOS#tvOS_17|tvOS 17]]
  | [[bridgeOS|bridgeOS 8]]
  }}
|macOS 14.0, iOS 17.0, iPadOS 17.0, watchOS 10.0 and tvOS 17.0
|-
!23.1.0
|October 25, 2023
|macOS 14.1, iOS 17.1, iPadOS 17.1, watchOS 10.1 and tvOS 17.1
|-
!23.2.0
|November 15, 2023
|macOS 14.2, iOS 17.2, iPadOS 17.2, watchOS 10.2 and tvOS 17.2
|-
!23.3.0
|January 22, 2024
|macOS 14.3, iOS 17.3, iPadOS 17.3, watchOS 10.3 and tvOS 17.3
|-
!23.4.0
|March 5, 2024
|macOS 14.4, iOS 17.4, iPadOS 17.4, watchOS 10.4 and tvOS 17.4
|-
!23.5.0
|May 13, 2024
|macOS 14.5, iOS 17.5, iPadOS 17.5, watchOS 10.5 and tvOS 17.5
|-
!24.0.0
|September 16, 2024
| {{ubl
 | [[macOS Sequoia]]
 | [[iOS 18]]
 | [[iPadOS 18]]
 | [[watchOS#watchOS_10|watchOS 11]]
 | [[tvOS#tvOS_17|tvOS 18]]
 | [[bridgeOS|bridgeOS 9]]
 }}
|macOS 15.0, iOS 18.0, iPadOS 18.0, watchOS 11.0, and tvOS 18.0
|}

''Note: the tables above contain the release dates of the corresponding OS releases. Build dates for Darwin versions are not publicly available; the commands below only give the build date for the XNU kernel.''

The command {{mono|[[uname]] -r}} in [[Terminal (macOS)|Terminal]] will show the Darwin version number ("20.3.0"), and the command {{mono|uname -v}} will show the [[XNU]] build version string, which includes the Darwin version number.
The command {{mono|sw_vers}} will show the corresponding ProductName ("macOS"), the ProductVersion number ("11.2.3") and the BuildVersion string ("20D91").