Editing Digestion (section)

====Release of outer membrane vesicles====
In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, [[gram-negative bacteria]] possess another method for release of material: the formation of [[outer membrane vesicle]]s.<ref name=Chatterjee>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 4168882|doi=10.1099/00221287-49-1-1
| year = 1967
| last1 = Chatterjee
| first1 = S.N.
| title = Electron microscopic observations on the excretion of cell-wall material by ''Vibrio cholerae''
| journal = Journal of General Microbiology
| volume = 49
| issue = 1
| pages = 1–11
| last2 = Das
| first2 = J
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 16291643
| year = 2005
| last1 = Kuehn
| first1 = M.J.
| title = Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host-pathogen interaction
| journal = Genes & Development
| volume = 19
| issue = 22
| pages = 2645–2655
| last2 = Kesty
| first2 = N.C.
| doi = 10.1101/gad.1299905
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>  Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials.  Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells.  While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.<ref name=McBrrom>{{Cite journal
| last1 = McBroom | first1 = A.J.
| last2 = Kuehn | first2 = M.J.
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05522.x
| title = Release of outer membrane vesicles by Gram-negative bacteria is a novel envelope stress response
| journal = Molecular Microbiology
| volume = 63
| issue = 2
| pages = 545–558
| year = 2007
| pmid = 17163978
| pmc =1868505
}}</ref>

[[Image:Venus Flytrap showing trigger hairs.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Venus Flytrap (''Dionaea muscipula'') leaf]]