Editing Digraph (orthography) (section)

==Examples==

===Latin script===
{{main|List of Latin-script digraphs}}

====English====
English has both homogeneous digraphs (doubled letters) and heterogeneous digraphs (digraphs consisting of two different letters). Those of the latter type include the following:

* {{angbr|sc}} normally represents {{IPA|/s/}} ([[voiceless alveolar fricative]] - ''scene'') or {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] - ''conscious'') before {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}}.
* {{angbr|ng}} represents {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ([[velar nasal]]) as in ''thing''.
* {{angbr|[[ch (digraph)|ch]]}} usually corresponds to {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar affricate]] - ''church''), to {{IPA|/k/}} ([[voiceless velar plosive]]) when used as an etymological digraph in words of Greek origin (''christ''), less commonly to {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]]) in words of French origin (''champagne'').
* {{angbr|ck}} corresponds to {{IPA|/k/}} as in ''check''.
* {{angbr|[[gh (digraph)|gh]]}} represents {{IPA|/ɡ/}} ([[voiced velar plosive]]) at the beginning of words (''ghost''), represents {{IPA|/f/}} ([[voiceless labiodental fricative]] in ''enough'') or is [[silent letter|silent]] at the end of words (''sigh'').
* {{angbr|ph}} represents {{IPA|/f/}} ([[voiceless labiodental fricative]]), as in ''siphon''.
* {{angbr|rh}} represents English {{IPA|/r/}} in words of Greek origin, such as ''rhythm''.
* {{angbr|[[sh (digraph)|sh]]}} represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]]), as in ''sheep''.
* {{angbr|ti}} usually represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}} word-medially before a vowel, as in ''education''.
* {{angbr|[[th (digraph)|th]]}} usually corresponds to {{IPA|/θ/}} ([[voiceless interdental fricative]]) in ''thin'' or {{IPA|/ð/}} ([[voiced interdental fricative]]) in ''then''. See also [[Pronunciation of English th|Pronunciation of English {{angbr|th}}]].
* {{angbr|wh}} represents {{IPA|/hw/}} in some conservative dialects; {{IPA|/w/}} in other dialects (''while''); and {{IPA|/h/}} in a few words in which it is followed by {{angbr|o}}, such as ''who'' and ''whole''. See also [[Phonological history of wh|Phonological history of {{angbr|wh}}]].
* {{angbr|zh}} represents {{IPA|/ʒ/}} in words transliterated from Slavic languages{{which|date=January 2019}}, and in American dictionary pronunciation spelling.
* {{angbr|ci}} usually appears as {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before vowels, like in ''facial'' and ''artificial''. Otherwise it is {{IPA|/si/}} as in ''fancier'' and ''icier'' or {{IPA|/sɪ/}} as in ''acid'' and ''rancid''.
* {{angbr|wr}} represents {{IPA|/r/}}. Originally, it stood for a [[labialisation|labialized]] sound, while {{angbr|r}} without {{angbr|w}} was non-labialized, but the distinction has been lost in most dialects, the two sounds merging into a single [[alveolar approximant]], [[allophone|allophonically]] labialized at the start of syllables, as in ''red'' {{IPA|[ɹʷɛd]}}. See also [[rhotic consonant]].
* {{angbr|qu}} usually represents {{IPA|/kw/}}; {{angbr|q}} is conventionally followed by {{angbr|u}} and a vowel letter as in ''quick'', with [[List of English words containing Q not followed by U|some exceptions.]]

Digraphs may also be composed of vowels. Some letters {{angbr|a, e, o}} are preferred for the first position, others for the second {{angbr|i, u}}. The latter have [[allograph]]s {{angbr|y, w}} in [[English orthography]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+ English vocalic digraphs
!style="text-align:center"| second letter →<br /> first letter ↓
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...e}}
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...i}} ¦ {{angbr|...y}}
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...u}} ¦ {{angbr|...w}}
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...a}}
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...o}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|o...}}
| {{angbr|oe¦œ}} > {{angbr|e}}&nbsp;– {{IPA|/i/}} || {{angbr|oi¦oy}} – {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}} || {{angbr|ou¦ow}} – {{IPA|/aʊ¦uː¦oʊ/}} || {{angbr|oa}} – {{IPA|/oʊ¦ɔː/}} || {{angbr|oo}} – {{IPA|/uː¦ʊ(¦ʌ)/}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|a...}}
| {{angbr|ae¦æ}} > {{angbr|e}} – {{IPA|/i/}} || {{angbr|ai¦ay}} – {{IPA|/eɪ¦ɛ/}} || {{angbr|au¦aw}} – {{IPA|/ɔː/}}<br /><small>(in loanwords: {{IPA|/aʊ/}} )</small> || <small>(in loanwords and proper nouns: {{angbr|aa}} – {{IPA|/ə¦ɔː¦ɔl/}} )</small> || <small>(in loanwords from Chinese: {{angbr|ao}} – {{IPA|/aʊ/}} )</small>
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|e...}}
| {{angbr|ee}} – {{IPA|/iː/}} || {{angbr|ei¦ey}} – {{IPA|/aɪ¦eɪ¦(iː)/}} || {{angbr|eu¦ew}} – {{IPA|/juː¦uː/}} || {{angbr|ea}} – {{IPA|/iː¦ɛ¦(eɪ¦ɪə)/}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|u...}}
| {{angbr|ue}} – {{IPA|/uː¦u/}} || {{angbr|ui}} – {{IPA|/ɪ¦uː/}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|i...}}
| {{angbr|ie}} – {{IPA|/iː(¦aɪ)/}}
|}

====Other languages using the Latin alphabet====
In [[Serbo-Croatian]]:
* {{angbr|[[lj (digraph)|lj]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, ([[palatal lateral approximant]])
* {{angbr|[[nj (digraph)|nj]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ([[palatal nasal]])
* {{angbr|[[dž]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} ([[voiced postalveolar affricate]])
Note that in the [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic orthography]], those sounds are represented by single letters (љ, њ, џ).

In [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]]:
* {{angbr|[[ch (digraph)|ch]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/x/|}} ([[voiceless velar fricative]]), counted as a distinct letter
* {{angbr|[[dz (digraph)|dz]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/d͡z/}} ([[voiced alveolar affricate]]), counted as a distinct letter in Slovak, relatively rare digraph
* {{angbr|[[dž]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} ([[voiced postalveolar affricate]]), counted as a distinct letter in Slovak, relatively rare digraph

In [[Danish and Norwegian alphabet|Danish and Norwegian]]:
* The digraph {{angbr|[[aa (digraph)|aa]]}} represented {{IPA|/ɔ/}} until 1917 in Norway and 1948 in Denmark, but is today spelt {{angbr|[[å]]}}. The digraph is still used in older names, but sorted as if it were the letter with the diacritic mark.

In [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], several sounds can be represented only by a digraph or a combination of letters. They are the most common combinations, but extreme regional differences exists, especially those of the [[Norwegian dialects|eastern dialects]]. A noteworthy difference is the [[Aspirated consonant|aspiration]] of {{vr|rs}} in eastern dialects, where it corresponds to {{vr|skj}} and {{vr|sj}}. Among many young people, especially in the western regions of Norway and in or around the major cities, the difference between {{IPAslink|ç}} and {{IPAslink|ʃ}} has been completely wiped away and are now pronounced the same.

* {{angbr|kj}} represents {{IPA|/ç/}}
* {{angbr|tj}} represents {{IPA|/ç/}}.
* {{angbr|skj}} represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.
* {{angbr|sj}} represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.
* {{angbr|sk}} represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (before i or y). 
* {{angbr|[[ng (character)|ng]]}} represents {{IPA|/ŋ/}} as in '''ng''' in English ''thi'''ng'''''.

{{anchor|Catalan}}In [[Catalan language|Catalan]]:
* {{angbr|ll}} represents {{IPA|/ʎ/}} ([[palatal lateral approximant]])
* {{angbr|ny}} represents {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ([[palatal nasal]])
* {{angbr|rr}} represents {{IPA|/r/}} ([[post-alveolar trill]])
* {{angbr|ss}} represents {{IPA|/s/}} ([[voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant]])
* {{angbr|qu}} represents {{IPA|/k/}} ([[voiceless velar plosive]])
* {{angbr|gu}} represents {{IPA|/g/}} ([[voiced velar plosive]])
* postvocalic {{angbr|ix}} represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]]) in [[Eastern Catalan|Eastern]] dialects, in [[Western Catalan|Western]] dialects it represents {{IPA|/jʃ/}}.

{{anchor|Dutch}}In [[Dutch language|Dutch]]:

* {{angbr|[[IJ (digraph)|ij]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ɛi/|}} (see [[#In alphabetization|above]] for its possible status as a separate letter).
* {{angbr|[[ng (character)|ng]]}} represents {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ([[velar nasal]])
* {{angbr|[[ch (digraph)|ch]]}} represents {{IPA|/x/}} ([[voiceless velar fricative]])
* {{angbr|sj}} represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]])
* {{angbr|ie}} represents {{IPA|/i/}} ([[close front unrounded vowel]])
* {{angbr|oe}} represents {{IPA|/u/}} ([[close back rounded vowel]])
* {{angbr|eu}} represents {{IPA|/ø/}} ([[close-mid front rounded vowel]])

In [[French alphabet|French]]:
* {{angbr|ch}} represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]])
* {{angbr|gn}} represents {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ([[palatal nasal]])
* {{angbr|qu}} represents {{IPA|/k/}} ([[voiceless velar stop]]), typically before historic [[front vowel]]s
::{| class="wikitable"
|+ French vocalic digraphs
|
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...i}}
!style="text-align:center"| {{angbr|...u}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|a...}}
| {{angbr|ai}} – {{IPA|/ɛ¦e/}} || {{angbr|au}} – {{IPA|/o/}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|e...}}
| {{angbr|ei}} – {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || {{angbr|eu}} – {{IPA|/œ¦ø/}}
|-
!style="text-align:left"| {{angbr|o...}}
| {{angbr|oi}} – {{IPA|/wa/}} || {{angbr|ou}} – {{IPA|/u(¦w)/}}
|}
See also [[French phonology]].

In [[German alphabet|German]]:
* {{angbr|[[ch (digraph)|ch]]}} represents {{IPA|/x/}} ([[voiceless velar fricative]]) or {{IPA|/ç/}} ([[voiceless palatal fricative]])
* {{angbr|ck}} represents {{IPA|/k/}} ([[voiceless velar plosive]])
* {{angbr|ei}} represents {{IPA|/a͡ɪ/}} ([[open front unrounded vowel]]) followed by ([[near-close near-front unrounded vowel]])
* {{angbr|eu}} represents {{IPA|/ɔ͡ʏ/}} ([[open-mid back rounded vowel]]) followed by ([[near-close near-front rounded vowel]])

In [[Hungarian alphabet|Hungarian]]:
* {{angbr|[[Hungarian cs|cs]]}} represents {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar affricate]])
* {{angbr|[[Hungarian zs|zs]]}} represents {{IPA|/ʒ/}} ([[voiced postalveolar fricative]])
* {{angbr|[[Hungarian gy|gy]]}} represents {{IPA|/ɟ/}} ([[voiced palatal plosive]])
* {{angbr|[[Hungarian ly|ly]]}} originally represented {{IPA|/ʎ/}} ([[palatal lateral approximant]]), but in the modern language stands for {{IPA|/j/}} ([[palatal approximant]])
* {{angbr|[[Hungarian ny|ny]]}} represents {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ([[palatal nasal]])
* {{angbr|[[Hungarian ty|ty]]}} represents {{IPA|/c/}} ([[voiceless palatal plosive]])
* {{angbr|[[Hungarian dz|dz]]}} represents {{IPA|/dz/}} ([[voiced postalveolar affricate]])
* {{angbr|[[Hungarian sz|sz]]}} represents {{IPA|/s/}} ([[voiceless alveolar fricative]]) ({{angbr|s}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ʃ/}})
* The Hungarian alphabet additionally contains also a [[trigraph (orthography)|trigraph]], {{angbr|[[Hungarian dzs|dzs]]}} {{IPAslink|dʒ}}.

In [[Italian alphabet|Italian]]:
* {{angbr|sc}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]]) before -i and -e (but to {{IPA|/sk/}} before other letters)
* {{angbr|ch}} corresponds to {{IPA|/k/}} (only before i, e)
* {{angbr|gh}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ɡ/}} (only before i, e)
* {{angbr|gl}} represents {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, [[palatal lateral approximant]], before -i (with some exceptions)
* {{angbr|gn}} represents {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ([[palatal nasal]])

In [[Manx Gaelic]], {{angbr|ch}} represents {{IPA|/χ/}}, but {{angbr|çh}} represents {{IPA|/tʃ/}}.

In [[Polish language|Polish]]:
* {{angbr|[[ch (digraph)|ch]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/x/}} ([[voiceless velar fricative]])
* {{angbr|[[cz (digraph)|cz]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/tʂ/}} ([[voiceless retroflex affricate]])
* {{angbr|[[dz (digraph)|dz]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/dz/}} ([[voiced alveolar affricate]])
* {{angbr|[[dź (digraph)|dź]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/dʑ/}} ([[voiced alveolo-palatal affricate]])
* {{angbr|[[dż (digraph)|dż]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/dʐ/}} ([[voiced retroflex affricate]])
* {{angbr|[[rz (digraph)|rz]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ʐ/}} ([[voiced retroflex fricative]])
* {{angbr|[[sz (digraph)|sz]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ʂ/}} ([[voiceless retroflex fricative]])

In [[Portuguese alphabet|Portuguese]]:
* {{angbr|[[ch (digraph)|ch]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar fricative]])
* {{angbr|[[lh (digraph)|lh]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ʎ/}} ([[palatal lateral approximant]])
* {{angbr|[[nh (digraph)|nh]]}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ([[palatal nasal]])
*{{vr|qu}} usually represents {{IPA|/k/}} ([[voiceless velar stop]])
*:

In [[Spanish alphabet|Spanish]]:
* [[ll|{{vr|ll}}]] is traditionally pronounced {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, but in dialects with [[yeísmo]] is pronounced {{IPA|/ʝ/}}
* {{angbr|ch}} represents {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ([[voiceless postalveolar affricate]]). Since 2010, neither is considered part of the alphabet. They used to be sorted as separate letters, but a reform in 1994 by the [[Spanish Royal Academy]] has allowed that they be split into their constituent letters for collation. The digraph {{angbr|[[rr (digraph)|rr]]}}, pronounced as a distinct [[alveolar trill]], was never officially considered to be a letter in the Spanish alphabet, and the same is true {{angbr|gu}} and {{angbr|qu}} (for {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} respectively before {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}}).

In [[Welsh alphabet|Welsh]]:
* {{angbr|ng}} represents {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ([[velar nasal]]), the same sound as in English (but in some words it represents two separate letters, and is pronounced {{IPA|/ng/}}).
* {{angbr|ch}} represents {{IPA|/χ/}} ([[voiceless uvular fricative]])
* {{angbr|rh}} represents {{IPA|/r̥/}} ([[alveolar trill|voiceless alveolar trill]]), pronounced roughly like the combination ''hr'' (but again in some words it represents two separate letters, and is pronounced {{IPA|/rh/}}).
* {{angbr|th}} represents {{IPA|/θ/}} ([[voiceless interdental fricative]])
* {{angbr|[[dd (digraph)|dd]]}} represents {{IPA|/ð/}} ([[voiced dental fricative]]), like the English {{angbr|th}} in ''then'' (but is pronounced as voiceless in many contexts).
* {{angbr|[[ff (digraph)|ff]]}} represents {{IPA|/f/}} ([[voiceless labiodental fricative]]), like English {{angbr|f}}, since Welsh {{angbr|f}} is pronounced {{IPA|/v/}} like an English {{angbr|v}}.
* {{angbr|ph}} also represents {{IPA|/f/}} (voiceless labiodental fricative) but, in modern orthography, is used only for the aspirate mutation of words starting with {{angbr|p}}.
* {{angbr|[[ll]]}} represents {{IPA|/ɬ/}} ([[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]])
The digraphs listed above represent distinct phonemes and are treated as separate letters for collation purposes. On the other hand, the digraphs {{angbr|[[mh (digraph)|mh]]}}, {{angbr|[[nh (digraph)|nh]]}}, and the trigraph {{angbr|[[ngh (letter)|ngh]]}}, which stand for [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless consonants]] but occur only at the beginning of words as a result of the [[Welsh morphology|nasal mutation]], are not treated as separate letters, and thus are not included in the alphabet.

[[Daighi tongiong pingim]], a transcription system used for [[Taiwanese Hokkien]], includes [[or (Digraph)|or]] that represents {{IPA|/ə/}} ([[mid central vowel]]) or {{IPA|/o/}} ([[close-mid back rounded vowel]]), as well as other digraphs.

In [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], {{angbr|gb}} is a letter that represents a plosive most accurately pronounced by trying to say {{IPA|/g/}} and {{IPA|/b/}} at the same time.

===Cyrillic===
{{Main|Cyrillic digraphs}}
Modern Slavic languages written in the [[Cyrillic alphabet]] make little use of digraphs apart from {{angbr|дж}} for {{IPA|/dʐ/}}, {{angbr|дз}} for {{IPA|/dz/}} (in Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Bulgarian), and {{angbr|жж}} and {{angbr|зж}} for the uncommon Russian phoneme {{IPA|/ʑː/}}. In Russian, the sequences {{angbr|дж}} and {{angbr|дз}} do occur (mainly in loanwords) but are pronounced as combinations of an implosive (sometimes treated as an affricate) and a fricative; implosives are treated as allophones of the plosive {{IPA|/d̪/}} and so those sequences are not considered to be digraphs. Cyrillic has few digraphs unless it is used to write non-Slavic languages, especially [[Caucasian languages]].

===Arabic script===
Because vowels are not generally written, digraphs are rare in [[abjad]]s like Arabic. For example, if ''sh'' were used for ''š,'' then the sequence ''sh'' could mean either ''ša'' or ''saha.'' However, digraphs are used for the [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] and [[murmured consonant]]s (those spelled with ''h-''digraphs in Latin transcription) in languages of [[South Asia]] such as [[Urdu]] that are written in the [[Arabic script]] by a special form of the letter ''h'', which is used only for aspiration digraphs, as can be seen with the following connecting ''(kh)'' and non-connecting ''(ḍh)'' consonants:

:{|
|'''Urdu'''||colspan=2|connecting||&nbsp; ||colspan=3|non-connecting
|-
|digraph:|| کھا ||{{IPA|/kʰɑː/}} || ||ڈھا ||{{IPA|/ɖʱɑː/}} ||
|-
|sequence:&nbsp;||کہا ||{{IPA|/kəɦɑː/}}|| ||ڈہا ||{{IPA|/ɖəɦɑː/}}||
|}

===Armenian===
In the [[Armenian language]], the digraph ''[[wikt:ու|ու]]'' {{angle bracket|ou}} transcribes {{IPAslink|u}}, a convention that comes from Greek.

===Georgian===
The [[Georgian alphabet]] uses a few digraphs to write other languages. For example, in [[Svan language|Svan]], {{IPA|/ø/}} is written ჳე {{angle bracket|we}}, and {{IPA|/y/}} as ჳი {{angle bracket|wi}}.

===Greek===
[[Modern Greek]] has the following digraphs:
*''αι'' (''ai'') represents {{IPA|/e̞/}}
*''ει'' (''ei'') represents {{IPA|/i/}}
*''οι'' (''oi'') represents {{IPA|/i/}}
*''ου'' (''oy'') represents {{IPA|/u/}}
*''υι'' (''yi'') represents {{IPA|/i/}}

They are called "diphthongs" in [[Greek language|Greek]]; in classical times, most of them represented [[diphthong]]s, and the name has stuck.

*''γγ'' (''gg'') represents {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} or {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
*''τσ'' (''ts'') represents the affricate {{IPA|/ts/}}
*''τζ'' (''tz'') represents the affricate {{IPA|/dz/}}
*Initial ''γκ'' (''gk'') represents {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
*Initial ''μπ'' (''mp'') represents {{IPA|/b/}}
*Initial ''ντ'' (''nt'') represents {{IPA|/d/}}

[[Ancient Greek]] also had the "diphthongs" listed above although their pronunciation in ancient times is disputed. In addition, Ancient Greek also used the letter γ combined with a velar stop to produce the following digraphs:

*''γγ'' (''gg'') represents {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
*''γκ'' (''gk'') represents {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
*''γχ'' (''gkh'') represents {{IPA|/ŋkʰ/}}

[[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]] has a few additional digraphs:
*''ρζ'' (''rz'') {{IPA|/ʒ/}} (historically perhaps a [[fricative trill]])
*''κχ'' (''kkh'') represents {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
*''τθ'' (''tth'') represents {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
*''πφ'' (''pph'') represents {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
*''σχ'' (''skh'') represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
In addition, [[palatal consonant]]s are indicated with the vowel letter ''ι'', which is, however, largely predictable. When {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} are not palatalized before ''ι'', they are written ''νν'' and ''λλ''.

In [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]], the digraphs ''ββ'', ''δδ'', and ''γγ'' were used for {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, and {{IPA|/ŋg/}} respectively.

===Hebrew===
In the [[Hebrew alphabet]], {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">תס</span>}} and {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">תש</span>}} may sometimes be found for {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">צ</span>}} {{IPAslink|ts}}. Modern Hebrew also uses digraphs made with the {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">׳</span>}} symbol for non-native sounds: {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">ג׳</span>}} {{IPAslink|dʒ}}, {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">ז׳</span>}} {{IPAslink|ʒ}}, {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">צ׳</span>}} {{IPAslink|tʃ}}; and other digraphs of letters when it is written without vowels: {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">וו</span>}} for a consonantal letter {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">ו</span>}} in the middle of a word, and {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">יי</span>}} for {{IPA|/aj/}} or {{IPA|/aji/}}, etc., that is, a consonantal letter {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">י</span>}} in places where it might not have been expected. [[Yiddish]] has its own tradition of transcription and so uses different digraphs for some of the same sounds: {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">דז</span>}} {{IPAslink|dz}}, {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">זש</span>}} {{IPAslink|ʒ}}, {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">טש</span>}} {{IPAslink|tʃ}}, and {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">דזש</span>}} (literally ''{{Transliteration|yi|dzš}})'' for {{IPAslink|dʒ}}, {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">וו</span>}} {{IPAslink|v}}, also available as a single [[Unicode]] character {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">װ</span>}}, {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">וי</span>}} or as a single character in Unicode {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">ױ</span>}} {{IPA|/oj/}}, {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">יי</span>}} or {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">ײ</span>}} {{IPA|/ej/}}, and {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">ײַ</span>}} {{IPA|/aj/}}. The single-character digraphs are called "[[Typographic ligature|ligatures]]" in Unicode. {{Script/Hebrew|1=<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman',David,Narkisim,Rod">י</span>}} may also be used following a consonant to indicate palatalization in Slavic loanwords.

===Indic===
Most [[Brahmic scripts|Indic scripts]] have compound vowel [[diacritic]]s that cannot be predicted from their individual elements. That can be illustrated with [[Thai language|Thai]] in which the diacritic เ, pronounced alone {{IPA|/eː/}}, modifies the pronunciation of other vowels:

:{|
|single vowel sign: ||กา ||{{IPA|/kaː/}}, ||เก ||{{IPA|/keː/}}, ||กอ ||{{IPA|/kɔː/}}
|-
|vowel sign plus เ: ||เกา ||{{IPA|/kaw/}}, ||แก ||{{IPA|/kɛː/}}, ||เกอ ||{{IPA|/kɤː/}}
|}

In addition, the combination รร is pronounced {{IPA|/a/}} or {{IPA|/an/}}, there are some words in which the combinations ทร and ศร stand for {{IPA|/s/}} and the letter ห, as a prefix to a consonant, changes its tonic class to high, modifying the tone of the syllable.

===Inuit===
[[Inuktitut syllabics]] adds two digraphs to Cree:
;''rk'' for ''q'': ᙯ ''qai'', ᕿ ''qi'', ᖁ ''qu'', ᖃ ''qa'', ᖅ ''q''
and
;''ng'' for ''ŋ'': ᖕ ''ng''
The latter forms trigraphs and tetragraphs.

===CJK Characters===
====Chinese====
Several combinations of [[Chinese characters]] (Hanzi) formed from two or more different characters that are known as digraphs.

====Japanese====
Two [[kana]] may be combined into a ''[[Consonant|C]][[Vowel|V]]'' syllable by subscripting the second; the convention cancels the vowel of the first. That is commonly done for ''CyV'' syllables called ''[[yōon]]'', as in ひょ (ひ<sub>よ</sub>) ''hyo'' {{angbr|hi<sub>yo</sub>}}. They are not digraphs since they retain the normal sequential reading of the two glyphs. However, some obsolete sequences no longer retain that reading, as in くゎ ''kwa,'' ぐゎ ''gwa,'' and むゎ ''mwa,'' now pronounced ''ka, ga, ma''. In addition, non-sequenceable digraphs are used for foreign loans that do not follow normal Japanese [[assibilation]] patterns, such as ティ ''ti'', トゥ ''tu'', チェ ''tye / che'', スェ ''swe'', ウィ ''wi'', ツォ ''tso'', ズィ ''zi''. (See [[katakana]] and [[transcription into Japanese]] for complete tables.)

Long vowels are written by adding the kana for that vowel, in effect doubling it. However, long ''ō'' may be written either ''oo'' or ''ou'', as in とうきょう ''toukyou'' {{IPA|ja|toːkʲoː|}} 'Tōkyō'. For dialects that do not distinguish ''ē'' and ''ei'', the latter spelling is used for a long ''e'', as in へいせい ''heisei'' {{IPA|ja|heːseː|}} '[[Heisei]]'. In loanwords, ''[[chōonpu]]'', a line following the direction of the text, as in ビール ''bīru'' {{IPA|ja|biːru|}} ''bīru'' 'beer'. With the exception of syllables starting with ''n'', doubled consonant sounds are written by prefixing a smaller version of ''tsu'' (written っ and ッ in hiragana and katakana respectively), as in きって ''kitte'' 'stamp'. Consonants beginning with n use the kana ''n'' character (written ん or ン) as a prefix instead.

There are several conventions of [[Okinawan writing system|Okinawan kana]] that involve subscript digraphs or ligatures. For instance, in the University of the Ryukyu's system, ウ is {{IPA|/ʔu/}}, ヲ is {{IPA|/o/}}, but ヲゥ (ヲ<sub>ウ</sub>) is {{IPA|/u/}}.

====Korean====
As was the case in Greek, Korean has vowels descended from diphthongs that are still written with two letters. Those digraphs, ㅐ {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and ㅔ {{IPA|/e/}} (also ㅒ {{IPA|/jɛ/}}, ㅖ {{IPA|/je/}}), and in some dialects ㅚ {{IPA|/ø/}} and ㅟ {{IPA|/y/}}, all end in historical ㅣ {{IPA|/i/}}.

[[Hangul]] was designed with a digraph series to represent the "[[slack voice|muddy]]" consonants: ㅃ {{IPA|*[b]}}, ㄸ {{IPA|*[d]}}, ㅉ {{IPA|*[dz]}}, ㄲ {{IPA|*[ɡ]}}, ㅆ {{IPA|*[z]}}, ㆅ {{IPA|*[ɣ]}}; also ᅇ, with an uncertain value. Those values are now obsolete, but most of the doubled letters were resurrected in the 19th century to write consonants that did not exist when hangul was devised: ㅃ {{IPA|/p͈/}}, ㄸ {{IPA|/t͈/}}, ㅉ {{IPA|/t͈ɕ/}}, ㄲ {{IPA|/k͈/}}, ㅆ {{IPA|/s͈/}}.