Editing Diplomatic recognition (section)

==Other types of recognition==
{{Further|Belligerent|label1=Belligerency}}
Other elements that may be recognized include [[Military occupation|occupation]] or [[annexation]] of territory, or [[belligerent]] rights of a party in a conflict. Recognition of the latter does not imply recognition of a state.

Formal recognition of [[Belligerent|belligerency]], which is rare today, signifies that the parties to the civil war or other internal conflict "are entitled to excise belligerent rights, thus accepting that the rebel group possesses sufficient [[Legal personality|international personality]] to support the position of such rights and duties."<ref name="Solis">[[Gary D. Solis]], ''The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War'' (2d ed.: Cambridge University Press, 2016), p. 163.</ref> Extension of the rights of belligerency is usually done by other states, rather than by the government fighting the rebel group.<ref name="Solis"/> (A 1907 report by [[William E. Fuller]] for the [[Spanish Treaty Claims Commission]] noted that "A parent state never formally recognizes the insurgents as belligerents, although it may in fact treat them as such by carrying on war against them in accordance with the rules and usages of international warfare."<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lPCgAAAAMAAJ Special Report of William E. Fuller, Assistant Attorney-General: Being a Condensed Statement of the Work Done, the Questions Considered, the Principles Laid Down, and the Most Important Decisions Made by the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission from the Organization of the Commission, April 8, 1901, to April 10, 1907]'', [[Spanish Treaty Claims Commission]] ([[Government Printing Office]], 1907), p. 262.</ref>)

Examples of recognition of [[belligerent]] status include:
*In 1823, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] recognized the Greek revolutionaries against the [[Ottoman Empire]] as belligerents during the [[Greek War of Independence]].<ref>Roscoe Ralph Oglesby, ''Internal War and the Search for Normative Order'' (Martinus Nijhoff, 1971), p. 21.</ref>
*The United Kingdom issued a [[wikisource:British proclamation of neutrality in the American Civil War|proclamation of neutrality]] soon after the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]], which "tacitly granted the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] belligerent status, the right to contract loans and purchase supplies in neutral nations and to exercise belligerent rights on the [[high seas]]."<ref name="OfficeHistorian">[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/confederacy Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–1865] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828005906/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/Confederacy |date=2013-08-28 }}, ''Milestones: 1861–1865'', [[U.S. Department of State]], [[Office of the Historian]].</ref> Another right of significance accorded to belligerents that was seen as potentially significant at the time was the right to issue [[letters of marque]].<ref>Burrus M. Carnahan, ''Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War'' (University Press of Kentucky 2007), p. 50.</ref> The British extension of belligerent recognition to the Confederacy greatly angered and concerned the United States, which strenuously and successfully worked to prevent full diplomatic recognition.<ref name="OfficeHistorian"/>
*During the [[Nicaraguan Revolution|Nicaraguan Civil War]], the [[Andean Group]] ([[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], and [[Venezuela]]) "declared that 'a state of belligerency' existed in [[Nicaragua]] and that the forces of the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] (FSLN) represented a 'legitimate army.{{' "}}<ref name="VonGlahn">Gerhard von Glahn & James Larry Taulbee, ''Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law'', 11th ed. (Taylor & Francis, 2017), p. 167.</ref> The declaration, made over the strong U.S. opposition, stated that the Sandinistas were eligible for "treatment and prerogatives" accorded to belligerents under international law.<ref>Robert Kagan, ''A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977–1990'' (The Free Press, 1996), p. 93.</ref> This declaration allowed the Andean countries to provide arms to the FSLN.<ref name="VonGlahn"/>
*During the [[Salvadoran Civil War]], [[France]] and [[Mexico]] recognized the [[Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front]] in [[El Salvador]] as a belligerent in August 1981.<ref>Sewall H. Menzel, ''Bullets Vs. Ballots: Political Violence and Revolutionary War in El Salvador, 1979–1991'' ([[Lynne Rienner Publishers]], 1994), p. 22.</ref>