Editing Elephant (section)

===Ears and eyes===
[[File:Angry elephant ears.jpg|thumb|African bush elephant with ears spread in a threat or attentive position and visible blood vessels]]
Elephant ear flaps, or [[pinna (anatomy)|pinnae]], are {{convert|1|–|2|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick in the middle with a thinner tip and supported by a thicker base. They contain numerous blood vessels called [[capillary|capillaries]]. Warm blood flows into the capillaries, releasing excess heat into the environment. This effect is increased by flapping the ears back and forth. Larger ear surfaces contain more capillaries, and more heat can be released. Of all the elephants, African bush elephants live in the hottest climates and have the largest ear flaps.<ref name=Shoshani68 /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Narasimhan, A.|s2cid=121443269|year=2008|title=Why do elephants have big ear flaps?|journal=Resonance|volume=13|issue=7|pages=638–647|doi=10.1007/s12045-008-0070-5}}</ref> The [[ossicles]] are adapted for hearing low frequencies, being most sensitive at 1 [[Hertz|kHz]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Reuter, T.|author2=Nummela, S.|author3=Hemilä, S.|year=1998|title=Elephant hearing|journal=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=104|issue=2|pages=1122–1123|url=http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/%5C/pdflib/Winter2005/Rodwell_Reuter_ele_ear.pdf|doi=10.1121/1.423341|pmid=9714930|bibcode=1998ASAJ..104.1122R|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207065356/http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/pdflib/Winter2005/Rodwell_Reuter_ele_ear.pdf|archive-date=7 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Lacking a [[lacrimal apparatus]] (tear duct), the eye relies on the [[harderian gland]] in the orbit to keep it moist. A durable [[nictitating membrane]] shields the globe. The animal's [[Field of view|field of vision]] is compromised by the location and limited mobility of the eyes.<ref name="sense">{{cite web|author=Somgrid, C.|title=Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Special sense organs|publisher=Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University|url=http://www.asianelephantresearch.com/about-elephant-anatomy-and-biology-p4.php#Special|access-date=21 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729045534/http://www.asianelephantresearch.com/about-elephant-anatomy-and-biology-p4.php#Special|archive-date=29 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Elephants are [[Dichromacy|dichromats]]<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Yokoyama, S. |author2=Takenaka, N. |author3=Agnew, D. W. |author4=Shoshani, J. |year=2005|title=Elephants and human color-blind deuteranopes have identical sets of visual pigments|journal=Genetics|volume=170|issue=1|pages=335–344|doi=10.1534/genetics.104.039511|pmid=15781694|pmc=1449733}}</ref> and they can see well in dim light but not in bright light.<ref name=cognition />