Editing Enterococcus (section)

== Antibacterial resistance ==
From a medical standpoint, an important feature of this genus is the high level of [[wikt:intrinsic|intrinsic]] [[antibiotic resistance]]. Some enterococci are intrinsically resistant to [[Β-lactam antibiotic|β-lactam-based antibiotics]] ([[penicillin]]s, [[cephalosporin]]s, [[carbapenem]]s), as well as many [[aminoglycoside]]s.<ref name="Sherris" /> In the last two decades, particularly virulent strains of ''Enterococcus'' that are resistant to vancomycin ([[Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus|vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus'']], or VRE) have emerged in [[nosocomial]] infections of hospitalized patients, especially in the US.<ref name="Fisher" /> Other developed countries, such as the UK, have been spared this epidemic, and, in 2005, Singapore managed to halt an epidemic of VRE.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kurup A, Chlebicki MP, Ling ML, Koh TH, Tan KY, Lee LC, Howe KB | title = Control of a hospital-wide vancomycin-resistant Enterococci outbreak | journal = American Journal of Infection Control | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 206–211 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18371517 | pmc = 7115253 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.06.005 }}</ref> Although [[quinupristin]]/[[dalfopristin]] (Synercid) was previously indicated for treatment of VRE in the USA, the FDA approval for this indication has since been retracted.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Batts DH, Lavin BS, Eliopoulos GM | title = Quinupristin/dalfopristin and linezolid: spectrum of activity and potential roles in therapy--a status report | journal = Current Clinical Topics in Infectious Diseases | volume = 21 | pages = 227–251 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11572153 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11572153/ }}</ref> The rationale for the retraction of Synercid's indication for VRE was based upon poor efficacy in ''E. faecalis'', which is implicated in the vast majority of VRE cases.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Collins LA, Malanoski GJ, Eliopoulos GM, Wennersten CB, Ferraro MJ, Moellering RC | title = In vitro activity of RP59500, an injectable streptogramin antibiotic, against vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive organisms | journal = Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | pages = 598–601 | date = March 1993 | pmid = 8460927 | pmc = 187713 | doi = 10.1128/aac.37.3.598 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh KV, Weinstock GM, Murray BE | title = An Enterococcus faecalis ABC homologue (Lsa) is required for the resistance of this species to clindamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin | journal = Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | volume = 46 | issue = 6 | pages = 1845–1850 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12019099 | pmc = 127256 | doi = 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1845-1850.2002 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Tigecycline has also been shown to have antienterococcal activity, as has [[rifampicin]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Enterococcus sp DNA [Presence] by NAA with probe detection in Positive blood culture | url = https://loinc.org/92784-8 | id = 92784-8 | work = Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) | publisher = Regenstrief Institute, Inc. }}</ref>

''Bacillus haynesii'' CD223 and ''Advenella mimigardefordensis'' SM421 can inhibit the growth of ''Enterococcus'' spp. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahman MM, Paul SI, Rahman A, Haque MS, Ador MA, Foysal MJ, Islam MT, Rahman MM | title = Suppression of Streptococcosis and Modulation of the Gut Bacteriome in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) by the Marine Sediment Bacteria Bacillus haynesii and Advenella mimigardefordensis | journal = Microbiology Spectrum | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = e0254222 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36453920 | pmc = 9769507 | doi = 10.1128/spectrum.02542-22 | veditors = Rogovskyy AS, Weththasinghe P, Rodriguez-Estrada U }}</ref>