Editing Externality (section)

==== Negative production externalities ====
[[File:Usine UNION CARBIDE SOUTH CHARLESTON KANAWHA RIVER. from NARA 551180.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Effluent flows from industrial plants can pollute waterways. ]]
[[File:Externalities of cars and automobility and their connections with harms to people and the environment.jpg|thumb|Diagram of the [[Societal effects of cars#Public or external costs|externalities of cars and automobility]] and their negative impacts<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miner |first1=Patrick |last2=Smith |first2=Barbara M. |last3=Jani |first3=Anant |last4=McNeill |first4=Geraldine |last5=Gathorne-Hardy |first5=Alfred |title=Car harm: A global review of automobility's harm to people and the environment |journal=Journal of Transport Geography |date=1 February 2024 |volume=115 |pages=103817 |doi=10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.103817 |issn=0966-6923}}</ref>]]
Examples for '''negative production externalities''' include:
* [[Air pollution]] from burning [[fossil fuels]]. This activity causes damages to crops, materials and (historic) buildings and public health.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Externalities of Energy Methodology 2005 Update Other impacts: ecosystems and biodiversity |vauthors=Torfs R, Int Panis L, De Nocker L, Vermoote S | journal= EUR 21951 EN – Extern E |year = 2004 |pages = 229–37 |editor= Peter Bickel |editor2=Rainer Friedrich |publisher=European Commission Publications Office, Luxembourg}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Externalities of Energy Methodology 2005 Update |chapter=Impact pathway Approach Exposure – Response functions |vauthors=Rabl A, Hurley F, Torfs R, Int Panis L, De Nocker L, Vermoote S, Bickel P, Friedrich R, Droste-Franke B, Bachmann T, Gressman A, Tidblad J |pages= 75–129 |editor= Peter Bickel |editor2=Rainer Friedrich |publisher=European Commission Publications Office |location=Luxembourg |year=2005 |chapter-url=http://www.externe.info/externe_d7/sites/default/files/methup05a.pdf |isbn=978-92-79-00423-0 }}</ref>
* [[Anthropogenic climate change]] as a consequence of [[greenhouse gas emissions]] from the burning of fossil fuels and the rearing of livestock. The ''[[Stern Review]] on the Economics of Climate Change'' says "Climate change presents a unique challenge for economics: it is the greatest example of [[market failure]] we have ever seen."<ref>{{Cite book
  | last = Stern
  | first = Nicholas
  | author-link = Nicholas Stern
  | contribution=Introduction
  | title = The Economics of Climate Change The Stern Review
  | publisher = Cambridge University Press
  | year = 2006
  | url = http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/Part_I_Introduction_group.pdf
  | isbn = 978-0-521-70080-1
  }}</ref>
* [[Water pollution]] from industrial effluents can harm plants, animals, and humans
* [[Email spam|Spam emails]] during the sending of unsolicited messages by email.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Justin M |last2=Reiley |first2=David H |title=The Economics of Spam |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |date=August 2012 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=87–110 |doi=10.1257/jep.26.3.87 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Government regulation]]: Any costs required to comply with a law, regulation, or policy, either in terms of time or money, that are not covered by the entity issuing the edict (see also [[unfunded mandate]]).
* [[Noise pollution]] during the production process, which may be mentally and psychologically disruptive.
* [[Systemic risk]]: the risks to the overall economy arising from the risks that the banking system takes. A condition of [[moral hazard]] can occur in the absence of well-designed [[banking regulation]],<ref>{{citation |last1=White |first1=Lawrence J. |last2=McKenzie |first2=Joseph |last3=Cole |first3=Rebel A. |title=Deregulation Gone Awry: Moral Hazard in the Savings and Loan Industry |date=3 November 2008 |ssrn=1293468 }}</ref> or in the presence of badly designed regulation.<ref name="De1998">{{Cite report | last1 = De Bandt | first1 = O. | last2 = Hartmann | first2 = P. | year = 1998 |title = What Is Systemic Risk Today? | pages = 37–84 |publisher=Bank of Japan| url = http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cbrc/cbrc-02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417135702/http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/cbrc/cbrc-02.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2003}}</ref>
* Negative effects of [[Factory farming|Industrial farm animal production]], including "the increase in the pool of antibiotic-resistant bacteria because of the [[overuse of antibiotic]]s; air quality problems; the contamination of rivers, streams, and coastal waters with concentrated animal waste; animal welfare problems, mainly as a result of the extremely close quarters in which the animals are housed."<ref>{{Cite news
  | last = Weiss
  | first = Rick
  | title = Report Targets Costs Of Factory Farming
  | newspaper = Washington Post
  | date = 2008-04-30
  | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/29/AR2008042902602_pf.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
  | last = Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production
  | title = Proc Putting Meat on The Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America
  | publisher = The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  | url = http://www.ncifap.org/reports/ }}.
</ref>
* The depletion of the stock of fish in the ocean due to [[overfishing]]. This is an example of a [[Common Property Resource|common property resource]], which is vulnerable to the [[tragedy of the commons]] in the absence of appropriate environmental governance.
* In the United States, the cost of storing [[nuclear waste]] from [[nuclear plant]]s for more than 1,000 years (over 100,000 for some types of nuclear waste) is, in principle, included in the cost of the electricity the plant produces in the form of a fee paid to the government and held in the [[Nuclear Waste Policy Act|nuclear waste superfund]], although much of that fund was spent on [[Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository]] without producing a solution.  Conversely, the costs of managing the long-term risks of disposal of chemicals, which may remain hazardous on similar time scales, is not commonly internalized in prices.  The USEPA regulates chemicals for periods ranging from 100 years to a maximum of 10,000 years.