Editing Extinction event (section)

=== New data on genera: Sepkoski's compendium ===
[[File:Bambach 2006 extinction graphs.png|thumb|350x350px|Major [[Phanerozoic]] extinctions tracked via proportional genera extinctions by Bambach (2006)]]
Though Sepkoski died in 1999, his marine genera compendium was formally published in 2002. This prompted a new wave of studies into the dynamics of mass extinctions.<ref name="Sepkoski_2002">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Sepkoski Jr JJ |date=2002 | veditors = Jablonski D, Foote M |title=A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40634#page/5/mode/1up |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=363 |pages=1–560}}</ref> These papers utilized the compendium to track origination rates (the rate that new species appear or [[Speciation|speciate]]) parallel to extinction rates in the context of geological stages or substages.<ref name="Foote_2000">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Foote M |date=2000 |title=Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: General problems |url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/origination-and-extinction-components-of-taxonomic-diversity-general-problems/7FE12B43106FC20C9AFC4031F72A56F9 |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=S4 |pages=74–102 |doi=10.1017/S0094837300026890 |bibcode=2000Pbio...26S..74F |s2cid=53341052 |issn=0094-8373|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A review and re-analysis of Sepkoski's data by Bambach (2006) identified 18 distinct mass extinction intervals, including 4 large extinctions in the [[Cambrian]]. These fit Sepkoski's definition of extinction, as short substages with large diversity loss and overall high extinction rates relative to their surroundings.<ref name="Bambach_2006">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Bambach RK |date= May 2006 |title=Phanerozoic Biodiversity Mass Extinctions |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=127–155 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122654 |bibcode= 2006AREPS..34..127B |issn=0084-6597}}</ref>

Bambach et al. (2004) considered each of the "Big Five" extinction intervals to have a different pattern in the relationship between origination and extinction trends. Moreover, background extinction rates were broadly variable and could be separated into more severe and less severe time intervals. Background extinctions were least severe relative to the origination rate in the middle Ordovician-early Silurian, late Carboniferous-Permian, and Jurassic-recent. This argues that the Late Ordovician, end-Permian, and end-Cretaceous extinctions were statistically significant outliers in biodiversity trends, while the Late Devonian and end-Triassic extinctions occurred in time periods that were already stressed by relatively high extinction and low origination.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Bambach RK, Knoll AH, Wang SC |date=2004 |title=Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/origination-extinction-and-mass-depletions-of-marine-diversity/15BF4851C6E3C95D8486926A87ECD9B3B3 |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=522–542 |doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0522:OEAMDO>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2004Pbio...30..522B |s2cid=17279135 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref>

Computer models run by Foote (2005) determined that abrupt pulses of extinction fit the pattern of prehistoric biodiversity much better than a gradual and continuous background extinction rate with smooth peaks and troughs. This strongly supports the utility of rapid, frequent mass extinctions as a major driver of diversity changes. Pulsed origination events are also supported, though to a lesser degree that is largely dependent on pulsed extinctions.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Foote M |date=2005 |title=Pulsed origination and extinction in the marine realm |journal=Paleobiology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=6–20 |doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0006:POAEIT>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2005Pbio...31....6F |s2cid=53469954 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14957/files/PAL_E2104.pdf }}</ref>

Similarly, Stanley (2007) used extinction and origination data to investigate turnover rates and extinction responses among different evolutionary faunas and taxonomic groups. In contrast to previous authors, his diversity simulations show support for an overall exponential rate of biodiversity growth through the entire Phanerozoic.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Stanley SM |date=2007 |title=Memoir 4: An Analysis of the History of Marine Animal Diversity |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=S4 |pages=1–55 |doi=10.1017/S0094837300019217 |bibcode=2007Pbio...33Q...1S |s2cid=90130435 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref>