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Extravehicular activity
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===<span class="anchor" id="Post-Apollo EVAs">Post-Apollo</span>=== The first EVA repairs of a spacecraft were made by [[Pete Conrad|Charles "Pete" Conrad]], [[Joseph P. Kerwin|Joseph Kerwin]], and [[Paul J. Weitz]] on May 26, June 7, and June 19, 1973, on the [[Skylab 2]] mission. They rescued the functionality of the launch-damaged [[Skylab]] [[space station]] by freeing a stuck [[solar panels on spacecraft|solar panel]], deploying a solar heating shield, and freeing a stuck circuit breaker relay. The Skylab 2 crew made three EVAs, and a total of ten EVAs were made by the three Skylab crews.<ref name="portree"/> They found that activities in weightlessness required about 2{{frac|1|2}} times longer than on Earth because many astronauts suffered [[spacesickness]] early in their flights.<ref name="reusestudy">''[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790075817_1979075817.pdf Skylab Reuse Study]'', p. 3-53. Martin Marietta and Bendix for NASA, September 1978.</ref> After Skylab, no more EVAs were made by the United States until the advent of the [[Space Shuttle]] program in the early 1980s. In this period, the Soviets resumed EVAs, making four from the [[Salyut 6]] and [[Salyut 7]] space stations between December 20, 1977, and July 30, 1982.<ref name="portree"/> When the United States resumed EVAs on April 7, 1983, astronauts started using an [[Extravehicular Mobility Unit]] (EMU) for self-contained life support independent of the spacecraft. STS-6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which a spacewalk was conducted. Also, for the first time, American astronauts used an airlock to enter and exit the spacecraft like the Soviets. Accordingly, the American definition of EVA start time was redefined to when the astronaut switches the EMU to battery power.<ref>{{cite news|title=Second all-female spacewalk devoted to space station battery replacements|author=William Harwood|date=January 15, 2020|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/second-all-female-spacewalk-nasa-astronauts-space-station-live-stream-today-2020-01-15/ |publisher=CBS News|access-date=May 25, 2023}}</ref> Numerous EVAs were conducted during the assembly of the [[International Space Station|ISS]], often using the [[Quest Joint Airlock]], designed to support both U.S. EMUs, and Russian Orlan space suits.
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