Editing Fall of man (section)

==== Protestantism ====
{{Main|Augustinian soteriology|Original sin|Protestant theology}}
{{Further|Predestination in Calvinism|Sola fide|Sola gratia|Total depravity}}

In [[Covenant theology]], the first man, [[Adam]], is said to have failed to fulfill the commandment to life and the [[Covenant of Works]], which is summarized in {{Bibleverse|Genesis|2:15-17|KJV}}. In verse 15, humanity is to "dress" and "keep" the [[Garden of Eden]] (KJV), or to "work it" and "take care of it" ([[New International Version|NIV]]). In verse 17, God gives the "focal probationary proscription", that Adam must not eat of the [[tree of the knowledge of good and evil]], and a curse is attached if the proscription is transgressed, which is spiritual death.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=19–20}} The Covenant required 'perfect and personal obedience',<ref>Westminster Confession, VII.2; https://www.blueletterbible.org/study/ccc/westminster/Of_Gods_Covenant_With_Man.cfm.</ref> but Adam freely and willfully transgressed the commandment by accepting [[Satan]]'s lie in {{Bibleverse|Genesis|3:4-5|KJV}}, demonstrating pride and a rejection of [[Creationism|God's authority as Creator]], preferring his own will to God's, leading to a corruption of his whole nature, which extended to his progeny, as is described in Article 14 of the [[Belgic Confession]].<blockquote>We believe that God created man out of the dust of the earth, and made and formed him after his own image and likeness, good, righteous, and holy, capable in all things to will, agreeably to the will of God. But being in honour, he understood it not, neither knew his excellency, but wilfully subjected himself to sin, and consequently to death, and the curse, giving ear to the words of the devil. For the commandment of life, which he had received, he transgressed: and by sin separated himself from God, who was his true life, having corrupted his whole nature; whereby he made himself liable to corporal and spiritual death. And being thus become wicked, perverse, and corrupt in all his ways, he hath lost all his excellent gifts, which he had received from God, and only retained a few remains thereof, which, however, are sufficient to leave man without excuse; for all the light which is in us is changed into darkness, as the scriptures teach us, saying: ''The light shineth in darkness, and the darkness comprehendeth it not:'' {{bracket|{{Bibleverse|John|1:5|KJV}}}} where St. John calleth men darkness.<ref name=":1">{{cite wikisource |title=The Belgic Confession |wslink=The Constitution of the Reformed Dutch Church of North America/The Confession of Faith |last=de Bres |first=Guido |date=1559 |publisher= |location= |page= |pages= |scan=}}</ref></blockquote>
[[File:Cole Thomas Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 1828.jpg|thumb|275x275px|''Expulsion from the Garden of Eden'', 1828 [[Oil painting|oil-on-canvas]] painting by [[Thomas Cole]] (1801–1848), now in the collection of the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]] in [[Boston]], United States.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkFRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |page=44 |title=American Painting of the Nineteenth Century: Realism, Idealism, and the American Experience  |author=Barbara Novak |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-530942-3 }}</ref>]]
By the inverse to the concept of [[imputed righteousness]], Adam, as the [[Federal headship|federal head]] of humanity, brought condemnation and death to all by his violation of the commandment to life. Kline justifies this interpretation by referencing {{Bibleverse|Romans|5:12-19|KJV}}, in which it says "For if by one man's offence death reigned by one; much more they which receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness shall reign in life by one, Jesus Christ." Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life. For as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous."<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=21|pages=}} In saying that, as a result of the Fall, man has become "wicked, perverse, and corrupt in all his ways," the Confession expresses the doctrine of [[total depravity]], which means that man is completely helpless and unable to rescue himself from sin, and "cannot inherit the kingdom of God" ({{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|15:50|KJV}}) but must be rescued by the second Adam, Jesus Christ, who is from heaven, as it says in {{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|15:22|KJV}}, "For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive."<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=|pages=9–10}}

Indeed, {{Bibleverse|Genesis|3:15|KJV}} ("And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel"), known as the [[protevangelium]], is interpreted as a gracious declaration of the [[Covenant of Grace]], in which God effects reconciliation with humanity and vanquishes the devil through [[Atonement in Christianity|Christ's atonement]], which delivers from [[Sin in Christianity|sin]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=22–23}} This covenant is symbolically sealed when it is said that God "clothed" Adam and Eve's nakedness, due to which they were ashamed.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=24|pages=}} However, man was defiled and had to be expelled from the [[Garden of Eden]], with the earth "cursed" for his sake, in an overthrow of man's previous "dominion" over the earth which was gifted to him in {{Bibleverse|Genesis|1:26|KJV}}.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=23–24}} In {{Bibleverse|Genesis|3:24|KJV}}, "cherubim" and "a flaming sword" guard the [[Tree of life (biblical)|tree of life]], access to which is only restored when Christ "vicariously suffered the sword of judgment on the tree of death and so reopened the way to the tree of life."<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=24|pages=}}