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Fortis and lenis
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=== Consonant length === "Fortis" and "lenis" have also been used to refer to contrasts of consonant duration in languages like [[Jawoyn language|Jawoyn]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jaeger|1983}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=98}}</ref> [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=98}}</ref> [[Dalabon language|Dalabon]], [[Kunwinjku language|Kunwinjku]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fletcher|Evans|2002|p=124}}</ref> and [[Zurich German]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fleischer|Schmid|2006|p=244}}</ref> The [[Zapotec languages]] are also considered to have contrast of length rather than of voicing.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Nellis|Hollenbach|1980}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Merrill|2008}}</ref> For example, in [[Mixe languages|Mixe]], lenis consonants are not only pronounced shorter than their fortis counterparts, but they are also prone to voicing in voiced environments, which fortis consonants are not. This association with longer duration has prompted some to propose a diachronic link between fortis consonants and [[gemination]].<ref>e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Swadesh|1947}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2004}}.</ref> {{Harvcoltxt|Payne|2006}} even proposes that gemination is itself a process of fortition in [[Italian language|Italian]]. Many [[North Caucasian languages]] ([[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest]] and especially [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast]]) have a consonantal distinction described as "strong" or "preruptive" that has concomitant length. [[Akhvakh language|Akhvakh]] and other Northeast Caucasian languages even possess a distinction between strong/long and weak/short [[ejective consonant]]s: {{IPA|[qʼaː]}} ('soup') vs. {{IPA|[qʼːama]}} ('cock's comb')
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