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Franck–Hertz experiment
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== Further reading == * {{cite web |title=3B Scientific Mercury Franck–Hertz Tube U8482170 |last=Basile |first=Giorgio |url=http://lampes-et-tubes.info/dt/dt029.php?l=e}} Selection of images of a vacuum tube used for the Franck–Hertz experiment in instructional laboratories. * {{cite book|title=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941|publisher=Elsevier|chapter=Transformation of Kinetic Energy of Free Electrons into Excitation Energy of Atoms by Impacts|last=Franck|first=James|year=1965|chapter-url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/franck-lecture.pdf}} Translation of Franck's Nobel lecture that he gave December 11, 1926. * {{cite journal |last1=Gearhart |first=Clayton A. | title = The Franck-Hertz Experiments, 1911–1914: Experimentalists in Search of a Theory | journal = Physics in Perspective | year = 2014 | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 293–343 | doi = 10.1007/s00016-014-0139-3 |bibcode = 2014PhP....16..293G |s2cid=118257144 }} * {{cite book |title=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941 |publisher=Elsevier |chapter=The results of the electron-impact tests in the light of Bohr’s theory of atoms |last=Hertz |first=Gustav |year=1965 |chapter-url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1925/hertz-lecture.pdf}} Translation of Hertz's Nobel lecture that he gave December 11, 1926. * {{cite web |last=Nicoletopoulos |first=Peter |url=http://web.me.com/peter.nicoletopoulos/Site/Literature_on_the_Franck-Hertz_Experiment.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116202119/http://web.me.com/peter.nicoletopoulos/Site/Literature_on_the_Franck-Hertz_Experiment.html |archive-date=2012-01-16 |title=Up-to-date literature on the Franck–Hertz Experiment |year=2012 }} See also {{cite web |title=Up-to-date literature on the Franck–Hertz experiment |url=http://users.skynet.be/P.Nicoletopoulos/references.html }} Nicoletopoulos, who died in 2013, had authored and co-authored several papers related to the Franck–Hertz experiment; these papers challenge the conventional interpretations of the experiment. See {{cite book |title=ARC Centre of Excellence for Antimatter–Matter Studies: Annual Report 2012 |chapter=In Memory of Peter Nicoletopoulos |chapter-url=http://www.positron.edu.au/documents/annrep12.pdf |first1=Robert |last1=Robson |first2=Ronald |last2=White |page=3 |publisher=Australian Research Council |access-date=2014-03-29 |archive-date=2014-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124085009/http://positron.edu.au/documents/annrep12.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |first1=G. |last1=Rapior |first2=K. |last2=Sengstock |first3=V. |last3=Baev |title=New features of the Franck–Hertz experiment |journal=Am. J. Phys. |year=2006 |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=423–428 |doi=10.1119/1.2174033 |url=http://grundpraktikum.physik.uni-saarland.de/scripts/New_features.pdf |bibcode=2006AmJPh..74..423R |access-date=2014-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150457/http://grundpraktikum.physik.uni-saarland.de/scripts/New_features.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 |url-status=dead }} Franck and Hertz's original paper reported anode currents up to about 15 V, as illustrated in the figure above. Additional maxima and minima occur when current is measured to higher voltages. This paper notes that the spacing between the minima and maxima isn't exactly 4.9& V, but increases for higher voltages and varies with temperature, and provides a model for this effect.
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