Editing Graphical user interface (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of the graphical user interface}}

=== Early efforts ===
[[Ivan Sutherland]] developed [[Sketchpad]] in 1963, widely held as the first graphical [[computer-aided design]] program. It used a [[light pen]] to create and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics. In the late 1960s, researchers at the [[SRI International|Stanford Research Institute]], led by [[Douglas Engelbart]], developed the [[NLS (computer system)|On-Line System]] (NLS), which used text-based [[hyperlink]]s manipulated with a then-new device: the [[Computer mouse|mouse]]. (A 1968 demonstration of NLS became known as "[[The Mother of All Demos]]".)  In the 1970s, Engelbart's ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at [[Xerox PARC]] and specifically [[Alan Kay]], who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the main interface for the [[Smalltalk|Smalltalk programming language]], which ran on the [[Xerox Alto]] [[computer]], released in 1973. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system.

The Xerox PARC GUI consisted of graphical elements such as [[window (computing)|windows]], [[menu (computing)|menus]], [[radio button]]s, and [[check box]]es. The concept of [[icon (computing)|icons]] was later introduced by [[David Canfield Smith]], who had written a thesis on the subject under the guidance of Kay.<ref name="MIT">Lieberman, Henry. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.125.4685&rep=rep1&type=pdf "A Creative Programming Environment, Remixed"], MIT Media Lab, Cambridge.</ref><ref name="Nader">Salha, Nader. [http://www.sierke-verlag.de/shop/index.php/aesthetics-and-art-in-the-early-development-of-human-computer-interfaces-648.html "Aesthetics and Art in the Early Development of Human-Computer Interfaces"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807092951/https://www.sierke-verlag.de/shop/index.php/aesthetics-and-art-in-the-early-development-of-human-computer-interfaces-648.html |date=2020-08-07 }}, October 2012.</ref><ref name="Pygmalion">Smith, David (1975). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Pygmalion.html?id=mihHAAAAIAAJ "Pygmalion: A Creative Programming Environment".]</ref> The PARC GUI employs a [[pointing device]] along with a keyboard. These aspects can be emphasized by using the alternative term and acronym for ''windows, icons, menus, [[pointing device]]'' ([[WIMP (computing)|WIMP]]). This effort culminated in the 1973 [[Xerox Alto]], the first computer with a GUI, though the system never reached commercial production.

The first commercially available computer with a GUI was the 1979 [[PERQ|PERQ workstation]], manufactured by Three Rivers Computer Corporation. Its design was heavily influenced by the work at Xerox PARC. In 1981, Xerox eventually commercialized the ideas from the Alto in the form of a new and enhanced system – the Xerox 8010 Information System – more commonly known as the [[Xerox Star]].<ref>[http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taouu/html/ch02s05.html The first GUIs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cn4vC80Pv6Q Xerox Star user interface demonstration, 1982]</ref> These early systems spurred many other GUI efforts, including [[Lisp machine]]s by [[Symbolics]] and other manufacturers, the [[Apple Lisa]] (which presented the concept of [[menu bar]] and [[Window manager|window controls]]) in 1983, the [[Apple Computer|Apple]] [[Macintosh 128K]] in 1984, and the [[Atari ST]] with [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]], and Commodore [[Amiga]] in 1985. [[Visi On]] was released in 1983 for the [[IBM PC compatible]] computers, but was never popular due to its high hardware demands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toastytech.com/guis/vision.html|title=VisiCorp Visi On|quote=The Visi On product was not intended for the home user. It was designed and priced for high-end corporate workstations. The hardware it required was quite a bit for 1983. It required a minimum of 512k of ram and a hard drive (5 megs of space).}}</ref> Nevertheless, it was a crucial influence on the contemporary development of [[Microsoft Windows]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaFAwSLi2GUC&pg=PA52|title=A Windows Retrospective, PC Magazine Jan 2009|publisher=Ziff Davis|date=January 2009}}</ref>

Apple, Digital Research, IBM and Microsoft used many of Xerox's ideas to develop products, and IBM's [[IBM Common User Access|Common User Access]] specifications formed the basis of the GUIs used in Microsoft Windows, IBM [[OS/2]] [[Presentation Manager]], and the Unix [[Motif (software)|Motif]] toolkit and [[window manager]]. These ideas evolved to create the interface found in current versions of Microsoft Windows, and in various [[desktop environment]]s for [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s, such as macOS and [[Linux]]. Thus most current GUIs have largely common idioms.
[[File:Apple Lisa Computer.jpg|thumb|An Apple Lisa (1983) demonstrating the Lisa Office System (LisaOS), which featured Apple Computer's first commercially available GUI]]

=== Popularization ===
[[File:Hewlett Packard 200LX.jpg|thumb|[[System Manager (HP LX)|HP LX System Manager]] running on a [[HP 200LX]]]]
GUIs were a hot topic in the early 1980s. The [[Apple Lisa]] was released in 1983, and various windowing systems existed for [[DOS]] operating systems (including [[Graphics Environment Manager|PC GEM]] and [[GEOS (16-bit operating system)|PC/GEOS]]). Individual applications for many platforms presented their own GUI variants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toastytech.com/guis/magdesk.html|title=Magic Desk I for Commodore 64}}</ref> Despite the GUI's advantages, many reviewers questioned the value of the entire concept,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/25/science/value-of-windowing-is-questioned.html|title=Value of Windowing is Questioned|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1984-12-25|last1=Sandberg-Diment|first1=Erik}}</ref> citing hardware limits and problems in finding compatible software.

In 1984, Apple [[1984 (advertisement)|released a television commercial]] which introduced the Apple Macintosh during the telecast of [[Super Bowl XVIII]] by [[CBS]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.duke.edu/~tlove/mac.htm |title=Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005015117/http://www.duke.edu/~tlove/mac.htm |archive-date=October 5, 1999 |first=Ted |last=Friedman |date=October 1997 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with [[allusion]]s to [[George Orwell]]'s noted novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''. The goal of the commercial was to make people think about computers, identifying the user-friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from prior business-oriented systems,<ref name=friedman>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://tedfriedman.com/electric-dreams/chapter-5-apples-1984/ |title=Electric Dreams: Computers in American Culture |chapter=Chapter 5: 1984 |access-date=October 6, 2011 |last=Friedman |first= Ted |year=2005 |publisher= [[New York University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-2740-9}}</ref> and becoming a signature representation of Apple products.<ref>{{cite web |title= Review of ''Pirates of Silicon Valley'' Movie |url=http://www.dotjournal.com/review-pirates-silicon-valley-movie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107170215/http://www.dotjournal.com/review-pirates-silicon-valley-movie |archive-date= November 7, 2006 |date= October 29, 2006 |publisher= DotJournal.com |first= Patrick |last= Grote |access-date= January 24, 2014}}</ref>

In 1985, [[Commodore International|Commodore]] released the [[Amiga 1000]], along with [[Workbench (AmigaOS)#Workbench 1.x|Workbench]] and [[Kickstart (Amiga)#Versions|Kickstart 1.0]] (which contained [[Intuition (Amiga)|Intuition]]). This interface ran as a separate task, meaning it was very responsive and, unlike other GUIs of the time, it didn't freeze up when a program was busy. Additionally, it was the first GUI to introduce something resembling [[Virtual desktop#Amiga|Virtual Desktops]].

[[Windows 95]], accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign,<ref name="WinHype">{{cite news |last=Washington Post |title=With Windows 95's Debut, Microsoft Scales Heights of Hype |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/microsoft/stories/1995/debut082495.htm |access-date=November 8, 2013 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=August 24, 1995}}</ref> was a major success in the marketplace at launch and shortly became the most popular desktop operating system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/computers/|title=Computers {{!}} Timeline of Computer History {{!}} Computer History Museum|website=www.computerhistory.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-02}}</ref>

In 2007, with the [[iPhone]]<ref>Mather, John. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070303032701/http://www.rrj.ca/online/658/ iMania], ''[[Ryerson Review of Journalism]]'', (February 19, 2007) Retrieved February 19, 2007</ref> and later in 2010 with the introduction of the [[iPad]],<ref>"the iPad could finally spark demand for the hitherto unsuccessful tablet PC" --Eaton, Nick [http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/archives/199045.asp The iPad/tablet PC market defined?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201221303/http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/archives/199045.asp |date=2011-02-01 }}, ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', 2010</ref>  Apple popularized the post-WIMP style of interaction for [[multi-touch]] screens, and those devices were considered to be milestones in the development of [[mobile device]]s.<ref name='BallStillDoesnt2010'>Bright, Peter [https://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2010/07/ballmer-and-microsoft-still-doesnt-get-the-ipad.ars Ballmer (and Microsoft) still doesn't get the iPad], [[Ars Technica]], 2010</ref><ref name="infoworld">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobile-technology/the-ipads-victory-in-defining-the-tablet-what-it-means-431|title=The iPad's victory in defining the tablet: What it means|magazine=[[InfoWorld]]|date=2011-07-05}}</ref>

The GUIs familiar to most people as of the mid-late 2010s are [[Microsoft Windows]], [[macOS]], and the [[X Window System]] interfaces for desktop and laptop computers, and [[Android (operating system)|Android]], Apple's [[iOS]], [[Symbian]], [[BlackBerry OS]], [[Windows Phone]]/[[Windows 10 Mobile]], [[Tizen]], [[WebOS]], and [[Firefox OS]] for handheld ([[smartphone]]) devices.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Cody W.|date=2011-03-17|title=Chapter 2: Mobile Devices in 2011|url=https://journals.ala.org/index.php/ltr/article/view/4477|journal=Library Technology Reports|volume=47|issue=2|pages=11–23|issn=0024-2586}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a Graphical User Interface? Definition and FAQs {{!}} OmniSci|url=https://www.omnisci.com/technical-glossary/graphical-user-interface|access-date=2022-01-26|website=omnisci.com}}</ref>