Editing Greece (section)

=== Medieval period (4th–15th centuries) ===
{{Main|Byzantine Greece|Frankokratia}}
[[File:Map Byzantine Empire 1025-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|The Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire after the death of [[Basil II]] in 1025]]
[[File:Καστροπολιτεια μονεμβασιας.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|View of the medieval fortress city of [[Monemvasia]]]]
The Roman Empire in the east, following the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in the 5th century, is known as the [[Byzantine Empire]], but called "Kingdom of the Romans" in its own time. With its capital in [[Constantinople]], its language and culture were Greek and its religion was predominantly [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christian]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies |editor-last=Jeffreys |editor-first=Elizabeth |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-925246-6 |page=4 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liFKua_cWL8C&pg=PA4 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020703/https://books.google.com/books?id=liFKua_cWL8C&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]];<ref>{{cite book |last=Halsall |first=Guy |title=Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West |pages=376–568 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007}}</ref> raids by [[Goths]] and [[Huns]] in the 4th and 5th centuries and the [[South Slavs|Slavic]] invasion in the 7th century resulted in a collapse in imperial authority in the Greek [[peninsula]].{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 35–36}} The imperial government retained control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica.{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 35–36}}{{Sfn | Fine | 1991 | pp = 63–66}}<ref>{{Cite book | first = T. E. | last = Gregory | title = A History of Byzantium | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2010 | page = 169 | quote = It is now generally agreed that the people who lived in the Balkans after the Slavic "invasions" were probably for the most part the same as those who had lived there earlier, although the creation of new political groups and arrival of small immigrants caused people to look at themselves as distinct from their neighbors, including the Byzantines.}}</ref> However, the view that Greece underwent decline, fragmentation and depopulation is considered outdated, as cities show institutional continuity and prosperity between the 4th and 6th centuries. In the early 6th century, Greece had approximately 80 cities according to the [[Synecdemus|Synekdemos]] chronicle, and the 4th to the 7th century is considered one of high prosperity.<ref name="Rothaus2000">{{cite book|first=Richard M. |last=Rothaus|title=Corinth, the First City of Greece: An Urban History of Late Antique Cult and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbAhrDO1XQIC|year=2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10922-3|page=10|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020704/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbAhrDO1XQIC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Until the 8th century almost all of modern Greece was under the jurisdiction of the [[Holy See]] of [[Rome]]. Byzantine [[Emperor Leo III]] moved the border of the [[Patriarchate of Constantinople]] westward and northward in the 8th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rayUr0j28wC&pg=PA203|title=Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes|first=Deno John|last=Geanakoplos|date=1984|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226284606|access-date=19 October 2018|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020720/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rayUr0j28wC&pg=PA203|url-status=live}}</ref> The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces during the [[Arab–Byzantine wars]] began in the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again.<ref name= EB2>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26387/Byzantine-recovery |title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: Byzantine recovery | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref>{{Sfn|Fine|1991|pp=79–83}} This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor.{{Sfn|Fine|1991|pp=63–66}} During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from economic growth.<ref name=EB2 /> The [[Greek Orthodox Church]] was instrumental in the spread of Greek ideas to the wider [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox world]].<ref name=BritIdent>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300 – c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |id=Online Edition}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=September 2018 |reason=Where does it say that in the text?}}

Following the [[Fourth Crusade]] and fall of Constantinople to the "[[Latin Empire|Latins]]" in 1204, mainland Greece was split between the Greek [[Despotate of Epirus#Foundation|Despotate of Epirus]] and [[Kingdom of France|French]] rule<ref name = EB3>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26389/Results-of-the-Fourth-Crusade|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: Results of the Fourth Crusade|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=28 April 2012|archive-date=22 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422103358/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26389/Results-of-the-Fourth-Crusade|url-status=live}}</ref> (the ''[[Frankokratia]]'').<ref name= EB3A>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26395/The-islands|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: The islands|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=14 May 2012|archive-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051540/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26395/The-islands|url-status=live}}</ref> The re-establishment of the imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, while the islands remained under Genoese and Venetian control.<ref name = EB3 /> During the [[Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty|Paleologi dynasty]] (1261–1453) a new era of Greek patriotism emerged accompanied by a turning back to ancient Greece.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moles |first1=Ian |title=Nationalism and Byzantine Greece |journal=Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies |date=1969 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJhOAAAAIAAJ |quote=Greek nationalism, in other words, was articulated as the boundaries of Byzantium shrank... the Palaeologian restoration that the two words are brought into definite and cognate relationship with 'nation' (Έθνος). |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020724/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJhOAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RuncimanRunciman1985">{{cite book|first=Steven |last=Runciman|title=The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5OGIBgoHMC&pg=PA120|date=24 October 1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31310-0|page=120|quote=By the fifteenth century most Byzantine intellectuals alluded to themselves as Hellenes. John Argyropoulus even calls the Emperor 'Emperor of the Hellenes' and describes the last wars of Byzantium as a struggle for the freedom of Hellas.|access-date=9 September 2018|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020725/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5OGIBgoHMC&pg=PA120|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Vasiliev>{{cite book |last1=Vasiliev |first1=Alexander A. |title=History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453 |date=1964 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0299809256 |page=582 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtM0qClcIX4C}}</ref><ref name="CareyCarey1968">{{cite book|first1=Jane Perry Clark |last1=Carey|first2=Andrew Galbraith |last2=Carey|title=The Web of Modern Greek Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltw7AAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=33|isbn=978-0231031707|quote=By the end of the fourteenth century the Byzantine emperor was often called "Emperor of the Hellenes"|access-date=9 September 2018|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205509/https://books.google.com/books?id=ltw7AAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilsdale |first1=Cecily J. |title=Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107729384 |pages=82–83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7GkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020749/https://books.google.com/books?id=t7GkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 14th century much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire to the [[Serbs]] and then the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].<ref name = EB4>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: Serbian and Ottoman advances|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=28 April 2012|archive-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224052621/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions|url-status=live}}</ref> Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453 and by 1460, Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece was complete.<ref name= EB5>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions|title=Greece During the Byzantine Period: The Peloponnese advances|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=28 April 2012|archive-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224052621/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/244154/Greece/26391/Thessaly-and-surrounding-regions|url-status=live}}</ref>