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==Effects== The obvious effects are driver frustration and trip delay. Another effect in cities is exacerbated by the presence of [[urban canyon|urban street canyons]], which effectively trap [[air pollution]] and increase air pollution exposures of motorists as well as the general urban population. Noise pollution can be aggravated by excessive starting and stopping noise of gridlocked facilities.<ref>''[http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/top3mset/2930880 C. Michael Hogan and Gary L. Latshaw, The relationship between highway planning and urban noise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518225130/http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/top3mset/2930880 |date=2007-05-18 }}'', :Proceedings of the ASCE, Urban Transportation Division specialty conference, May 21β23, 1973, Chicago, Illinois. by American Society of Civil Engineers. Urban Transportation Division</ref>
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