Editing Grindcore (section)

===British grindcore===
[[File:Napalm Death, Lemon Tree, Aberdeen, 16th August 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Grindcore pioneers Napalm Death in a 2007 show]]
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| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XObk8-YLkNA&feature=channel_page Napalm Death live in Germany, 1987], from [https://www.youtube.com/ YouTube], authorized by [[Earache Records]].
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Grindcore, as such, was developed during the mid-1980s in the United Kingdom by [[Napalm Death]], a group who emerged from the [[anarcho-punk]] scene in Birmingham, England.<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 11">Glasper 2009, p. 11</ref> While their first recordings were in the vein of [[Crass (band)|Crass]],<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 11" /> they eventually became associated with [[crust punk]],<ref name=crust>"Crustgrind", "Grindcore Special" part 2, p. 46</ref> The group began to take on increasing elements of [[thrashcore]], [[post-punk]], and [[power electronics (music)|power electronics]], and began describing their sound as "Siege with [[Celtic Frost]] riffs".<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 12</ref> The group also went through many changes in personnel.<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 14">Glasper 2009, p. 14</ref> A major shift in style took place after [[Mick Harris]] became the group's drummer.<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 14" /> Punk historian Ian Glasper indicates that "For several months gob-smacked audiences weren't sure whether Napalm Death were actually a serious band any longer, such was the undeniable novelty of their hyper-speed new drummer."<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 14" /> Albert Mudrian's research suggests that the name "grindcore" was coined by Harris. When asked about coming up with the term, Harris said:

{{Blockquote|Grindcore came from "grind", which was the only word I could use to describe [[Swans (band)|Swans]] after buying their first record in '84. Then with this new hardcore movement that started to really blossom in '85, I thought "grind" really fit because of the speed so I started to call it grindcore.<ref>Mudrian 2004, page 35.</ref>}}

Other sources contradict Harris' claim. In a ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine article written about the genre, [[Steven Blush]] declares that "the man often credited" for dubbing the style grindcore was [[Shane Embury]], Napalm Death's bassist since 1987. Embury offers his own account of how the grindcore "sound" came to be:

{{Blockquote|As far as how this whole sound got started, we were really into [[Celtic Frost]], Siege – which is a hardcore band from [[Boston]] – a lot of hardcore and death-metal bands, and some industrial-noise bands like the early Swans. So, we just created a mesh of all those things. It's just everything going at a hundred miles per hour, basically.<ref name= blush36>Blush 1991, page 36</ref>}}

[[Earache Records]] founder [[Digby Pearson]] concurs with Embury, saying that Napalm Death "put hardcore and metal through an accelerator."<ref>Blush 1991, page 35</ref> Pearson, however, said that grindcore "wasn't just about the speed of [the] drums, blast beats, etc." He claimed that "it actually was coined to describe the guitars – heavy, downtuned, bleak, harsh riffing guitars [that] 'grind', so that's what the genre was described as, by the musicians who were its innovators [and] proponents."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://askearache.blogspot.com/2007_04_01_archive.html|title= Godflesh/PSI etc – are they Grind?|author= Pearson, Digby|date= 26 April 2007|publisher=Ask earache – BraveWords.com|access-date=15 June 2008}}</ref>

While abrasive, grindcore achieved a measure of mainstream visibility. ''[[New Musical Express]]'' featured Napalm Death on their cover in 1988, declaring them "the fastest band in the world."<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 22</ref> As James Hoare, deputy editor of ''[[Terrorizer Magazine|Terrorizer]]'', writes:
{{Blockquote|It can be argued that no strand of [[extreme metal]] (with a touch of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] and [[post-punk]] tossed in for flavouring), has had so big an impact outside the gated community of patch-jackets and [[circle pit|circle-pits]] as grindcore has in the UK. [...] the genre is a part of the British musical experience.<ref>James Hoare, ''Terrorizer'', #180, February 2009, p. 1.</ref>}}

Napalm Death's seismic impact inspired other British grindcore groups in the 1980s, among them [[Extreme Noise Terror]],<ref name=crust /> [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]] and [[Sore Throat (grindcore band)|Sore Throat]].<ref name="vonhavoc">Felix von Havoc, ''Maximum Rock'n'Roll'' #198. {{cite web|url=http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/1/20 |title=Havoc Records and Distribution |access-date=20 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605102813/http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/1/20 |archive-date=5 June 2008 }} Archived by Havoc Records. Access date: 20 June 2008.</ref> Extreme Noise Terror, from Ipswich, formed in 1984.<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 273</ref> With the goal of becoming "the most extreme hardcore punk band of all time,"<ref>Dean Jones, quoted in Glasper 2009, p. 273</ref> the group took Mick Harris from Napalm Death in 1987.<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 275">Glasper 2009, p. 275</ref> Ian Glasper describes the group as "pissed-off hateful noise with its roots somewhere between early Discharge and Disorder, with [vocalists] Dean [Jones] and Phil [Vane] pushing their trademark vocal extremity to its absolute limit."<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 275" /> In 1991, the group collaborated with the [[acid house]] group [[The KLF]], appearing onstage with the group at the [[Brit Awards]] in 1992.<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 277</ref> Carcass released ''[[Reek of Putrefaction]]'' in 1988, which [[John Peel]] declared his favorite album of the year despite its very poor production.<ref>Mudrian 2004, p. 132</ref> The band's focus on gore and anatomical decay, lyrically and in sleeve artwork, inspired the [[goregrind]] subgenre.<ref name="Widener" /> Sore Throat, said by Ian Glasper to have taken "perhaps the most uncompromisingly anti-music stance"<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 237</ref> were inspired by crust punk as well as industrial music.<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 238</ref> Some listeners, such as Digby Pearson, considered them to be simply an in-joke or parody of grindcore.<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 502</ref>

In the subsequent decade, two pioneers of the style became increasingly commercially viable. According to [[Nielsen Soundscan]], Napalm Death sold 367,654 units between May 1991 and November 2003, while Carcass sold 220,374 units in the same period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=16769 |title=It's Official: CANNIBAL CORPSE Are The Top-Selling Death Metal Band Of The SoundScan Era |date=17 November 2003 |publisher=Roadrunnerrecords.com|access-date=3 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602230201/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=16769 |archive-date=2 June 2008 }}</ref> The inclusion of Napalm Death's "[[Fear, Emptiness, Despair|Twist the Knife (Slowly)]]" on the ''[[Mortal Kombat (soundtrack)|Mortal Kombat]]'' soundtrack brought the band much greater visibility, as the compilation scored a Top 10 position in the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.billboard.com/charts/1995-09-23/billboard-200|title= Billboard 200: Week of September 23, 1995|publisher= Rovi Corporation|access-date= 27 March 2011}}</ref> and went [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]] in less than a year.<ref name="RIAA_Certificate">{{cite web|title=Search Results for Mortal Kombat|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=mortal+kombat|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> The originators of the style have expressed some ambivalence regarding the subsequent popularity of grindcore. Pete Hurley, the guitarist of Extreme Noise Terror, declared that he had no interest in being remembered as a pioneer of this style: "''grindcore'' was a legendarily stupid term coined by a hyperactive kid from the West Midlands, and it had nothing to do with us whatsoever. ENT were, are, and – I suspect – always will be a hardcore punk band... not a grindcore band, a stenchcore band, a trampcore band, or any other sub-sub-sub-core genre-defining term you can come up with."<ref>Glasper 2009, 279</ref> [[Lee Dorrian]] of Napalm Death indicated that "Unfortunately, I think the same thing happened to grindcore, if you want to call it that, as happened to punk rock – all the great original bands were just plagiarised by a billion other bands who just copied their style identically, making it no longer original and no longer extreme."<ref>Glasper 2009, p. 25</ref>