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Hadza language
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===Consonants=== Consonants in shaded cells appear only in loanwords or are NC sequences, which do not appear to be single segments but are listed here to illustrate the orthography. (Not illustrated are nasal–click sequences in the middle of words: aspirated ''nch, nqh, nxh'' and tenuis ''ngc, ngq, ngx''.) {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |+Hadza consonants and orthography.<ref>Consonants in shaded cells appear only in loanwords or are NC sequences, which do not appear to be single segments but are listed here to illustrate the orthography. (Not illustrated are nasal–click sequences in the middle of words: aspirated ''nch, nqh, nxh'' and tenuis ''ngc, ngq, ngx''.)</ref> ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | [[labial consonant|Labial]] ! colspan=2 | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]~[[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] ! colspan=2 | [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]~[[Palatal consonant|palatal]] ! colspan=2 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! rowspan=2 | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- class=small ! [[Central consonant|central]] ! [[Lateral consonant|lateral]] ! central ! lateral ! plain ! [[Labialization|labialized]] |- ! rowspan=4 | [[Click consonant|Click]] ! <small>Aspirated</small> | | {{IPA link|ᵏǀʰ}} {{angbr|ch}} | | {{IPA link|ᵏǃʰ}} {{angbr|qh}} | {{IPA link|ᵏǁʰ}} {{angbr|xh}} | | | |- ! <small>Tenuis</small> | | {{IPA link|ᵏǀ}} {{angbr|c}} | | {{IPA link|ᵏǃ}} {{angbr|q}} | {{IPA link|ᵏǁ}} {{angbr|x}} | | | |- ! <small>[[Nasal click|Nasal]]</small> |rowspan=2| ([[Nasal bilabial click|{{IPA|ᵑʘʷ<br />~ ᵑʘ͡ʔ|cat=no}}]]<br />{{angbr|mcw}})<sup>1</sup> | {{IPA link|ᵑǀ}} {{angbr|nc}} | | {{IPA link|ᵑǃ}} {{angbr|nq}} | {{IPA link|ᵑǁ}} {{angbr|nx}} | | | |- ! <small>[[glottalized click|Glottalized nasal]]</small><sup>1</sup> | {{IPA link|ᵑǀ͡ʔ}} {{angbr|cc}} | | {{IPA link|ᵑǃ͡ʔ}} {{angbr|qq}} | {{IPA link|ᵑǁ͡ʔ}} {{angbr|xx}} | | | |- ! rowspan=7 | [[Stop consonant|Stop]] ! <small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]</small> | {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angbr|ph}} | {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angbr|th}} | | | | {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|kh}} | {{IPA link|kʷʰ}} {{angbr|khw}} | |- ! <small>[[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]</small> | {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|t}} | | | | {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|k}} | {{IPA link|kʷ}} {{angbr|kw}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|–}} |- ! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|b}} | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|d}} | | | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|g}} | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ɡʷ}} {{angbr|gw}} | |- ! <small>[[Ejective consonant|Ejective]]</small> | {{IPA link|pʼ}} {{angbr|bb}}<sup>2</sup> | | | | | | | |- ! <small>Aspirated [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]</small> | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ᵐpʰ}} {{angbr|mp}} | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ⁿtʰ}} {{angbr|nt}} | | | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ᵑkʰ}} {{angbr|nk}} | | |- ! <small>Tenuis prenasalized</small> | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ᵐp}} {{angbr|mb}} | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ⁿt}} {{angbr|nd}} | | | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ᵑk}} {{angbr|ng}} | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ᵑkʷ}} {{angbr|ngw}} | |- ! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}} | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angbr|ny}} | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ngʼ}} | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ŋʷ}} {{angbr|ngʼw}} | |- ! rowspan=6 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] ! <small>Aspirated</small> | | {{IPA link|t͜sʰ}} {{angbr|tsh}} | | {{IPA link|t͜ʃʰ}} {{angbr|tch}} | {{IPA link|c͜𝼆ʰ}} {{angbr|tlh}}<sup>3</sup> | | | |- ! <small>Tenuis</small> | | {{IPA link|t͜s}} {{angbr|ts}} | | {{IPA link|t͜ʃ}} {{angbr|tc}} | {{IPA link|c𝼆}} {{angbr|tl}}<sup>3</sup> | | | |- ! <small>Voiced</small> | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|d͜z}} {{angbr|z}} | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|d͜ʒ}} {{angbr|j}} | | | | |- ! <small>Ejective</small> | | {{IPA link|t͜sʼ}} {{angbr|zz}} | | {{IPA link|t͜ʃʼ}} {{angbr|jj}} | [[Ejective palatal lateral affricate|{{IPA|c𝼆ʼ|cat=no}}]] {{angbr|dl}}<sup>3</sup> | {{IPA link|k͜xʼ}} {{angbr|gg}}<sup>4</sup> | {{IPA link|k͜xʷʼ}} {{angbr|ggw}} | |- ! <small>Aspirated prenasalized</small> | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ⁿt͜sʰ}} {{angbr|nts/ns}} | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ⁿt͜ʃʰ}} {{angbr|ntc}} | | | | |- ! <small>Tenuis prenasalized</small> | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ⁿt͜s}} {{angbr|nz}} | | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|ⁿt͜ʃ}} {{angbr|nj}} | | | | |- ! colspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | style="background: silver" | {{IPA link|fʷ}} {{angbr|f}} | {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}} | {{IPA link|ɬ}} {{angbr|sl}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|sh}} | | {{nobreak|({{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|hh}})<sup>6</sup>}} | | |- ! colspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | | colspan=2 | {{IPA link|ɾ}} ~ {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l, r}}<sup>5</sup> | ({{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}})<sup>7</sup> | | | ({{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}})<sup>7</sup> | {{IPA link|ɦ}} {{angbr|h}}<sup>7</sup> |} #The nasalization of the [[glottalization|glottalized]] nasal clicks is apparent on preceding vowels, but not during the hold of the click itself, which is silent due to simultaneous glottal closure. The labial {{IPA|[ᵑʘ͡ʔ]}} (or {{IPA|[ᵑʘʷ]}}) is found in a single mimetic word where it alternates with {{IPA|[ᵑǀ]}}. #The labial ejective {{IPA|/pʼ/}} is only found in a few words. #The palatal affricates may be pronounced with an alveolar onset ({{IPA|/t͜𝼆/}} ''etc.''), but this is not required. #The velar ejective {{IPA|/k͜xʼ/}} varies between a plosive {{IPA|[kʼ]}}, a central affricate {{IPA|[k͜xʼ]}}, a lateral affricate {{IPA|[k͜𝼄ʼ]}}, and a fricative {{IPA|[xʼ]}}. The other central ejective affricates can surface as ejective fricatives as well (i.e. {{IPA|[sʼ], [ʃʼ], [xʷʼ]}}). #The lateral approximant {{IPA|/l/}} is found as a [[flap consonant|flap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} between vowels and occasionally elsewhere, especially in rapid speech. {{IPA|[l]}} is most common [[post-pausa]] and in repeated syllables (e.g. in ''lola'', sp. rabbit). A lateral flap realization {{IPA|[ɺ]}} can also occur. #The [[voiceless velar fricative]] {{IPA|[x]}} is known from only a single word, where it alternates with {{IPA|/kʰ/}}. #{{IPA|[ɦ]}} and [[zero onset]] appear to be allophones. {{IPA|[w, j]}} may be allophones of {{IPA|[u, i]}}, and what are often transcribed in the literature as {{IPA|[w]}} next to a back vowel or {{IPA|[j]}} next to a front vowel (e.g. the msg [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] transcribed ''-a, -ha, -wa, -ya'') are nothing more than transitions between vowels. #The NC sequences only occur in word-initial position in loanwords. The voiced obstruents and nasal consonants {{IPA|/ɲ ŋ ŋʷ d ɡ ɡʷ dʒ/}} and perhaps {{IPA|/dz/}} (on darker background) also seem to have been borrowed.{{sfn|Elderkin|1978}}
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