Editing Helicobacter pylori (section)

=== Signs and symptoms ===
Most people infected with ''H.&nbsp;pylori'' never experience any symptoms or complications, but will have a 10% to 20% risk of developing [[peptic ulcer]]s or a 0.5% to 2% risk of stomach cancer.<ref name="de Brito"/><ref name="Debowski"/> ''H. pylori induced gastritis'' may present as acute gastritis with [[stomach ache]], [[nausea]], and ongoing [[dyspepsia]] (indigestion) that is sometimes accompanied by depression and anxiety.<ref name="de Brito"/><ref name="Cureus">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al Quraan AM, Beriwal N, Sangay P, Namgyal T |title=The Psychotic Impact of Helicobacter pylori Gastritis and Functional Dyspepsia on Depression: A Systematic Review |journal=Cureus |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=e5956 |date=October 2019 |pmid=31799095 |pmc=6863582 |doi=10.7759/cureus.5956 |doi-access=free |url=}}</ref> Where the gastritis develops into chronic gastritis, or an ulcer, the symptoms are the same and can include [[indigestion]], stomach or abdominal pains, nausea, [[bloating]], [[belching]], feeling hunger in the morning, feeling full too soon, and sometimes [[vomiting]], heartburn, bad breath, and weight loss.<ref name="medlineplus2024">{{cite web |title=Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) Tests: MedlinePlus Medical Test |url=https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/helicobacter-pylori-h-pylori-tests/ |website=medlineplus.gov |access-date=16 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216210728/https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/helicobacter-pylori-h-pylori-tests/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NIDDK">{{cite web |title=Symptoms & Causes of Peptic Ulcers (Stomach or Duodenal Ulcers) - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers/symptoms-causes |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217131321/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers/symptoms-causes |url-status=live }}</ref>

Complications of an ulcer can cause severe signs and symptoms such as black or tarry stool indicative of [[bleeding]] into the stomach or duodenum; blood - either red or coffee-ground colored in vomit; persistent sharp or severe abdominal pain; dizziness, and a fast heartbeat.<ref name="medlineplus2024"/><ref name="NIDDK"/> Bleeding is the most common complication. In cases caused by ''H. pylori'' there was a greater need for [[hemostasis]] often requiring gastric resection.<ref name="Pope">{{cite journal |vauthors=Popa DG, Obleagă CV, Socea B, Serban D, Ciurea ME, Diaconescu M, Vîlcea ID, Meșină C, Mirea C, Florescu DN, Baleanu VD, Comandasu M, Tudosie MS, Tribus LC, Niculescu B |title=Role of Helicobacter pylori in the triggering and evolution of hemorrhagic gastro-duodenal lesions |journal=Exp Ther Med |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=1147 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34504592 |pmc=8392874 |doi=10.3892/etm.2021.10582 |url=}}</ref> Prolonged bleeding may cause anemia leading to weakness and fatigue. Inflammation of the pyloric antrum, which connects the stomach to the duodenum, is more likely to lead to duodenal ulcers, while inflammation of the [[Body of stomach|corpus]] may lead to a gastric ulcer.

[[Stomach cancer]] can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, and unexplained weight loss.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Al-Azri |first1=Mohammed |last2=Al-Kindi |first2=Jamila |last3=Al-Harthi |first3=Thuraiya |last4=Al-Dahri |first4=Manal |last5=Panchatcharam |first5=Sathiya Murthi |last6=Al-Maniri |first6=Abdullah |date=June 2019 |title=Awareness of Stomach and Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors, Symptoms and Time Taken to Seek Medical Help Among Public Attending Primary Care Setting in Muscat Governorate, Oman |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13187-017-1266-8 |journal=Journal of Cancer Education |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=423–434 |doi=10.1007/s13187-017-1266-8 |pmid=28782080 |s2cid=4017466 |issn=0885-8195 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224042108/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13187-017-1266-8 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gastric polyp]]s are [[adenoma]]s that are usually asymptomatic and benign, but may be the cause of dyspepsia, heartburn, bleeding from the stomach, and, rarely, gastric outlet obstruction.<ref name="Markowski">{{cite journal | vauthors = Markowski AR, Markowska A, Guzinska-Ustymowicz K | title = Pathophysiological and clinical aspects of gastric hyperplastic polyps | journal = World Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 22 | issue = 40 | pages = 8883–8891 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27833379 | pmc = 5083793 | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v22.i40.8883 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Wu2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu Q, Yang ZP, Xu P, Gao LC, Fan DM | title = Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of colorectal neoplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Colorectal Disease | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = e352-64 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23672575 | doi = 10.1111/codi.12284 | s2cid = 5444584 }}</ref> Larger polyps may have [[Malignant transformation|become cancerous]].<ref name="Markowski"/>
[[Colorectal polyp]]s may be the cause of rectal bleeding, anemia, constipation, diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain.<ref name="Soetikno">{{cite journal | vauthors = Soetikno RM, Kaltenbach T, Rouse RV, Park W, Maheshwari A, Sato T, Matsui S, Friedland S | title = Prevalence of nonpolypoid (flat and depressed) colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults | journal = JAMA | volume = 299 | issue = 9 | pages = 1027–35 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18319413 | doi = 10.1001/jama.299.9.1027 | doi-access = free }}</ref>