Editing Hetch Hetchy (section)

===Exploration and early development===
[[File:Hetch Hetchy.jpg|thumb|"Little Arroyo" side canyon in the Hetch Hetchy Valley—by John Englehart, signed as C.N. Doughty; oil painting; 1908]]
[[File:Hetch Hetchy Side Canyon, I, by William Keith, c1908.jpg|thumb|[[William Keith (artist)|William Keith]], ''Hetch Hetchy Side Canyon, I'', c. 1908]]
[[File:Hetch Hetchy Valley From Road, Albert Bierstadt.jpg|thumb|Albert Bierstadt, ''Hetch Hetchy Valley from Road'', c. 1870]]

In the early 1850s, a [[mountain man]] by the name of Nathan Screech<ref name="Gazette">{{cite web|url=http://yosemitegazette.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88:screech-brothers-find-hetch-hetchy-valley&catid=23:archives&Itemid=125|title=Screech Brothers Find Hetch Hetchy Valley|publisher=Yosemite Gazette|access-date=2013-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212356/http://www.yosemitegazette.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88:screech-brothers-find-hetch-hetchy-valley&catid=23:archives&Itemid=125|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> became the first non-Native American to enter the valley.<ref name=hoffmann>{{cite journal|first=Charles F.|last=Hoffmann|title=Notes on Hetch-Hetchy Valley|journal=Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences|location=San Francisco|publisher=CAS|year=1868|series=1|volume=3|pages=368–370|url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/notes_on_hetch-hetchy_valley.html|issue=5}}</ref> Local legend attributes the modern name ''Hetch Hetchy'' to Screech's initial arrival in the valley, during which he observed the Native Americans "cooking a variety of grass covered with edible seeds", which they called "hatch hatchy" or "hatchhatchie".{{sfn|Simpson|2005|p=14}} Screech reported that the valley was bitterly disputed between the "Pah Utah Indians" (Paiute) and "Big Creek Indians" (Miwok), and witnessed several fights in which the Paiute appeared to be the dominant tribe.<ref name="earlyhistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.intimeandplace.org/HetchHetchy/background/earlyhistory.html|title=Early History|work=Hetch Hetchy: Preservation or Public Utility|publisher=In Time and Place}}</ref>{{sfn|Whitney|1874|p=158}} About 1853, his brother, Joseph Screech (credited in some accounts for the original discovery of the valley)<ref name="Gazette"/> blazed the first trail from [[Big Oak Flat]], a mining camp near present-day [[Lake Don Pedro, California|Lake Don Pedro]],<ref name="bigoakflat">{{cite web
|url=http://www.sierranevadageotourism.org/content/big-oak-flat-no-406-california-historical-landmark/sieB019F76D44F59ECE4
|title=Big Oak Flat (No. 406 California Historical Landmark)
|publisher=Sierra Nevada Geotourism MapGuide
|access-date=2013-06-01}}</ref> for {{convert|38|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast to Hetch Hetchy Valley.{{sfn|Whitney|1874|p=157}}

During this time, the upper Tuolumne River, including Hetch Hetchy Valley, was visited by prospectors attracted by the [[California Gold Rush]]. Miners did not stay in the area for long, however, as richer deposits occurred further south along the [[Merced River]] and in the Big Oak Flat area.<ref name="bigoakflat"/> After the valley's native inhabitants were driven out by the newcomers, it was used by ranchers, many of whom were former miners, to graze livestock. Animals were principally driven along Joseph Screech's trail from Big Oak Flat to Hetch Hetchy.{{sfn|Whitney|1874|p=157}} Its meadows provided abundant feed for "thousands of head of sheep and cattle that entered lean and lank in the spring, but left rolling fat and hardly able to negotiate the precipitous and difficult defiles out of the mountains in the fall."{{sfn|Righter|2005|p=17}}

In 1867, [[Charles F. Hoffman]] of the [[California Geological Survey]] conducted the first survey of the valley. Hoffman observed a meadow "well timbered and affording good grazing", and noted the valley had a milder climate than Yosemite Valley, hence the abundance of ponderosa pine and gray pine.<ref name=hoffmann/> The valley was slowly becoming known for its natural beauty, but it was never a popular tourist destination because of extremely poor access and the location of the famous Yosemite Valley just {{convert|20|mi|km}} to the south. Those who did visit it were enchanted by its scenery, but encountered difficulties with the primitive conditions and, in summertime, swarms of mosquitoes.{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=75}}<ref>{{cite book
|author=United States Army Corps of Engineers
|title=Hetch Hetchy Valley: report of Advisory Board of Army Engineers to the Secretary of the Interior on investigations relative to sources of water supply for San Francisco and Bay communities
|url=https://archive.org/details/hetchhetchyvall00engigoog
|publisher=United States Government Printing Office
|year=1913
|page=31}}</ref> [[Albert Bierstadt]], [[Charles Dorman Robinson]] and [[William Keith (artist)|William Keith]] were known for their landscapes that drew tourists to the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Bierstadt described the valley as "smaller than the more famous valley&nbsp;... but it presents many of the same features in his scenery and is quite as beautiful."{{sfn|Righter|2005|p=19}}

When Yosemite Valley became part of a state park in 1864, Hetch Hetchy received no such designation. As the grazing of livestock damaged native plants in the Hetch Hetchy Valley, mountaineer and naturalist [[John Muir]] pressed for the protection of both valleys under a single national park.{{sfn|Righter|2005|pp=22–23}} Muir, who himself had briefly worked as a shepherd in Hetch Hetchy, was known for calling sheep "hoofed locusts" because of their environmental impact.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nps.gov/yose/historyculture/muir.htm
|title=John Muir
|publisher=U.S. National Park Service
|work=Yosemite National Park
|access-date=2013-05-28}}</ref> Muir's friend [[Robert Underwood Johnson]] of the politically influential ''[[Century Magazine]]'' and several other prominent figures were inspired by Muir's work and helped to get Yosemite National Park established by October 1, 1890.{{sfn|Righter|2005|p=23}}<ref>{{cite magazine
|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/yosemite.html
|title=John Muir's Yosemite: The father of the conservation movement found his calling on a visit to the California wilderness
|magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]
|author=Perrottet, Tony
|date=July 2008
|access-date=2013-06-01}}</ref> However, ranchers who had previously owned land in the new park continued their use of Hetch Hetchy Valley – a "sheep-grazing free-for-all [that] threatened to denude the High Sierra meadows"{{sfn|Righter|2005|p=23}} – before disputes over state and private properties in respect to national park boundaries were finally settled in the early 1900s.{{sfn|Righter|2005|pp=26–27}}

Interest in using the valley as a water source or reservoir dates back as far as the 1850s, when the Tuolumne Valley Water Company proposed developing water storage there for irrigation.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web
|url=http://www.sierraclub.org/ca/hetchhetchy/timeline.asp
|title=Timeline of the Ongoing Battle Over Hetch Hetchy
|publisher=Sierra Club
|access-date=2013-05-31}}</ref> By the 1880s, San Francisco was looking to Hetch Hetchy water as a fix for its outdated and unreliable water system.<ref name="timeline"/> The city would repeatedly try to acquire water rights to Hetch Hetchy, including in 1901, 1903 and 1905, but was continually rebuffed because of conflicts with irrigation districts that had senior water rights on the Tuolumne River, and because of the valley's national park status.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Proceedings Before The Secretary Of The Interior In Re Use Of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir Site, In The Yosemite National Park, By The City Of San Francisco, May 11, 1908
|author=United States Department of the Interior
|publisher=United States Government Printing Office}}</ref>