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Iguvine Tablets
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===Tablet I=== ====Side A==== '''Six triplet sacrifices to the Grabovian triad and the minor triad''': After observing the birds before and the behind, three oxen are sacrificed to ''Iove Grabovius'' before (without) the ''Trebulana Gate''. Behind (within) it three sows are sacrificed to ''Trebus Iovio''. Before the ''Tesenaca Gate'' three oxen are sacrificed to ''Marte Grabovie''. Behind it three pigs are sacrificed to ''Fisus Sancius''. A libation ensues. Before the ''Vehiia Gate'' three white fronted oxen are sacrificed to ''Vofione Grabovie''. Behind the Gate three ewe lambs are sacrificed to ''Tefre Iovie''. After the profanation of the lambs, the rump is offered in expiation and a libation for the ''tota'', local community, ensues, on the two sides separately starting with the right side. After the profanation of the rumps is over the backs shall be profanated. ====Side B==== Two more triplet sacrifices to ''Marte Hodie'' and ''Hondos Çerfios'' in atonement for the citadel: At the Jovian grove after the shearing of sheep three male calves shall be sacrificed to ''Marte Hodie'' for the Iguvine people and ''tota''. At the Coreties (Quiritius or Curiatius) grove three male calves shall be sacrificed to ''Hontos Çerfios''. Henceforth the citadel will be expiated. If any anything vicious happened in the discharge of the rite the birds shall be observed, the rite shall be reinstated once again after returning to the Trebulana Gate. Review of the city militia and expulsion (''extermination'') of the traditional enemies of Iguvium (Tadinates, Etruscans, Nahartes, Iapuzcoi) by the ''arfertur'' and the two ''prinovatus'' (''augures'' or their attendants): * Tadinates (''tařinate(m)''), refers to the [[Umbrians]] from [[Gualdo Tadino]];<ref name=Isayev>[[Elena Isayev]], "Italy before the Romans" (2008) in [[Jörg Rüpke]] (editor) ''A Companion to Roman Religion''.</ref><ref name=Cazanove>Olivier de Cazanove (2008). Religion in Preroman Italy, in [[Jörg Rüpke]] (editor) ''A Companion to Roman Religion''.</ref> * Tusci (''tursku(m)'') refers to the [[Etruscans]], with the possible meaning in Umbrian of boundary;<ref name=Isayev/><ref name=Cazanove/> * Nahartes (''Naharku(m)''), refers to the Umbrians from around the [[Nera (Italy)|Nera valley]] in southeastern Umbria, from Nahar the ancient name of the river Nera. According to another interpretation, it refers to the [[Sabines]] east of Nahar/Nera river.<ref name=Isayev/><ref name=Cazanove/> * Iapuzcoi (''Iapuzku(m)'', a tribe of unclear origin,<ref name=Isayev/><ref name=Cazanove/> on which there are various hypotheses: a people of the Adriatic side near [[Picentes]] at the borders with the Umbrians, [[Iapygians]] of [[Apulia|southeastern Italy]], or the [[Iapydes]] of Illyria. The first hypothesis is the most plausible. Four more triplet sacrifices: Near the small fontains three red boars shall be sacrificed to Çerfos Martios. On the Rubinian ''ager'' three she boars shall be sacrificed to Prestata Çerfia of Çerfos Martios. The sacred jugs, black and white, shall there be ordered and turned. Beyond the ''Sahata'' (''Sahata'' is probably the area considered within the pomerium, possibly marked by a stream) three she calves shall be sacrificed to Tursa Çerfia of Çerfios Martios. The assignation of the place where to carry out the slaughter of the boars shall be decided according to the site upon which the officiant is watching, whether either behind on the ''Rubina'' or beyond on the ''Sahata''. Three days later the people shall be assembled and three heifers sacrificed below the Forum of ''Sehemania'' (''Semonia'') to ''Tursa Iovia'' at ''Acedonia''. One of the heifers shall be consecrated by the ''arfertur'' and two by the ''prinovatus''.
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