Editing Infant mortality (section)

==== Congenital malformations ====
{{Main|Congenital malformation}}

Congenital malformations are present at birth and include conditions such as cleft lip and palate, Down Syndrome, and heart defects. Some congenital malformations may be more likely when the mother consumes alcohol, but they can also be caused by genetics or unknown factors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical Definition of Congenital malformation |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2820 |website=MedicineNet.com |access-date=2018-07-25 |archive-date=2020-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401120742/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2820 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Congenital malformations have had a significant impact on infant mortality, but malnutrition and infectious diseases remain the main causes of death in less developed countries. For example, in the Caribbean and Latin America in the 1980s, congenital malformations only accounted for 5% of infant deaths, while malnutrition and infectious diseases accounted for 7% to 27% of infant deaths.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rosano A, Botto LD, Botting B, Mastroiacovo P |date=September 2000 |title=Infant mortality and congenital anomalies from 1950 to 1994: an international perspective |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=660–6 |doi=10.1136/jech.54.9.660 |pmc=1731756 |pmid=10942444}}</ref> In more developed countries, such as the United States, there was a rise in infant deaths due to congenital malformations, mostly heart and central nervous system problems. In the 20th century, there was a decrease in the number of infant deaths from heart conditions, from 1979 to 1997, there was a 39% decline.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, Witsenburg M, Helbing WA, Takkenberg JJ, Roos-Hesselink JW |date=November 2011 |title=Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=58 |issue=21 |pages=2241–7 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.025 |pmid=22078432 |doi-access=free}}</ref>