Editing Infrared homing (section)

===MANPADs===
[[File:Launched FIM-92A Stinger missile.jpg|thumb|The Stinger has been used in Afghanistan since 1986. It was provided to the anti-Soviet forces by the US]]
Based on the same general principles as the original Sidewinder, in 1955 [[Convair]] began studies on a small man-portable missile ([[MANPADS]]) that would emerge as the [[FIM-43 Redeye]]. Entering testing in 1961, the preliminary design proved to have poor performance, and a number of major upgrades followed. It was not until 1968 that the Block III version was put into production.<ref name="Cagle-1974">{{cite tech report |first=Mary |last=Cagle |title=History of the Redeye Weapon System |publisher=Historical Division, Army Missile Command |date=23 May 1974 |url=https://fas.org/asmp/campaigns/MANPADS/2005/redeye.pdf |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329151913/https://fas.org/asmp/campaigns/MANPADS/2005/redeye.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Soviets started development of two almost identical weapons in 1964, Strela-1 and Strela-2. Development of these proceeded much more smoothly, as the [[9K32 Strela-2]] entered service in 1968 after fewer years of development than the Redeye.<ref>Jane's Land Based Air Defence 2005–2006.</ref> Originally a competing design, the [[9K31 Strela-1]] was instead greatly increased in size for vehicle applications and entered service at around the same time. The UK began development of its [[Blowpipe (missile)|Blowpipe]] in 1975, but placed the seeker on the launcher instead of the missile itself. The seeker sensed both the target and the missile and sent corrections to the missile via a radio link. These early weapons proved ineffective, with the Blowpipe failing in almost every combat use,<ref>{{cite journal |first1= Lester |last1= Grau |first2= Ali |last2= Ahmad Jalali |title= The Campaign For The Caves: The Battles for Zhawar in the Soviet-Afghan War |journal= The Journal of Slavic Military Studies |date= September 2001 |url= http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/zhawar/zhawar.htm |quote= 13 Blowpipe missiles fired for no hits |doi= 10.1080/13518040108430488 |volume= 14 |issue= 3 |pages= 69–92 |s2cid= 144936749 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051113125550/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/zhawar/zhawar.htm |archive-date= 2005-11-13 |url-access= subscription }}</ref> while the Redeye fared somewhat better. The Strela-2 did better and claimed a number of victories in the middle east and Vietnam.<ref name="Arms-Expo.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/site.xp/049051049050124052050050.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126065453/http://www.arms-expo.ru/site.xp/049051049050124052050050.html|archive-date=2011-01-26 |title="Стрела-2" (9К32, SA-7, Grail), переносный зенитный ракетный комплекс — ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ, Информационное агентство |publisher=Arms-expo.ru |access-date=2013-08-24}}</ref>

A major upgrade program for the Redeye started in 1967, as the Redeye II. Testing did not begin until 1975 and the first deliveries of the now renamed [[FIM-92 Stinger]] began in 1978. An improved rosette seeker was added to the B model in 1983, and several additional upgrades followed. Sent to the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], they claimed a 79% success rate against Soviet helicopters,<ref>{{cite book |first1= Ray |last1=Bonds |first2=David l|last2=Miller |title= Illustrated Directory of Special Forces |date=13 February 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMgpdulJsGgC&pg=PA359 |page=359|publisher=Voyageur Press |isbn=9780760314197 }}</ref> although this is debated.<ref>{{cite web |first= Leonard |last= Leshuk |title= Stinger Missiles in Afghanistan |year= 2008 |url= http://europauniversitypress.co.uk/auth_article416.html |access-date= 2015-09-16 |archive-date= 2017-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171226014714/http://europauniversitypress.co.uk/auth_article416.html |url-status= live }}</ref> The Soviets likewise improved their own versions, introducing the [[9K34 Strela-3]] in 1974, and the greatly improved dual-frequency [[9K38 Igla]] in 1983, and Igla-S in 2004.<ref name=":0" />