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Iowa-class battleship
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=== General characteristics === [[File:BB61 MS32-1B.jpg|thumb|USS ''Iowa'' in World War II configuration and wearing [[World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy|Measure 32 Design 1B]] camouflage pattern, c. 1944.]] The ''Iowa''-class battleships are {{cvt|860|ft|0|in}} long at the waterline and {{cvt|887|ft|3|in}} long overall with a beam of {{cvt|108|ft|2|in}}.{{refn|Individual ship's dimensions vary slightly from design values. ''Iowa'' is {{cvt|859|ft|5+3/4|in|3}} waterline length, {{cvt|887|ft|2+3/4|in|3}} overall length, and {{cvt|108|ft|2+1/16|in|3}} beam. ''New Jersey'' is {{cvt|859|ft|10+1/4|in|3}} waterline length, {{cvt|887|ft|6+5/8|in|3}} overall length, and {{cvt|108|ft|1+3/8|in|3}} beam.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|1995|pp=145β146}}{{sfn|Sumrall|1988|p=157}}|group=N}} During World War II, the draft was {{cvt|37|ft|2|in}} at full load displacement of {{cvt|57540|LT}} and {{cvt|34|ft|9+1/4|in|2}} at design combat displacement of {{cvt|54889|LT}}. Like the two previous classes of American fast battleships, the ''Iowa''s have a double bottom hull that becomes a triple bottom under the armored citadel and armored skegs around the inboard shafts.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|1995|pp=144β148}} The dimensions of the ''Iowa''s were strongly influenced by speed. When the Second Vinson Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1938, the U.S. Navy moved quickly to develop a 45,000-ton-standard battleship that would pass through the {{cvt|110|ft}} wide [[Panama Canal]]. Drawing on a 1935 [[Empirical relationship|empirical formula]] for predicting a ship's maximum speed based on scale-model studies in flumes of various [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]] forms and [[propeller]]s{{refn|These mathematical formulas still stand today, and they have been used to design hulls for US ships and to predict the speed of those hulls for the ships when commissioned, including [[nuclear power|nuclear-power]]ed ships like the US fleet of {{sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|0}} [[supercarrier]]s.{{sfn|Rogers|n.d.|p=15}}|group=N}} and a newly developed empirical theorem that related [[waterline length]] to maximum beam, the Navy drafted plans for a battleship class with a maximum beam of {{cvt|108|ft|2|in}} which, when multiplied by 7.96, produced a waterline length of {{cvt|860|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Rogers|n.d.}} The Navy also called for the class to have a lengthened [[forecastle]] and amidship, which would increase speed, and a [[bulbous bow]].{{sfn|Rogers|n.d.|p=10}} The ''Iowa''s exhibit good stability, making them steady gun platforms. At design combat displacement, the ships' (GM) [[metacentric height]] was {{cvt|9.26|ft}}.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|1995|pp=144β148}} They also have excellent maneuverability in the open water for their size, while seakeeping is described as good, but not outstanding. In particular, the long fine bow and sudden widening of the hull just in front of the foremost turret contributed to the ships being rather wet for their size. This hull form also resulted in very intense spray formations, which led to some difficulty refueling escorting destroyers.{{sfn|Friedman|1986|p=324}}{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|1995|pp=272β273, 278β279}}
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