Editing James Cook (section)

===New Zealand and Australia===
Cook then sailed to New Zealand and landed near the [[Tūranganui River (Gisborne)|Tūranganui River]].{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=114-118}} Encounters with the Māori on the first two days were violent: a Māori was shot and killed on each of the days.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=114-118}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=198-201}} Cook then sailed around both of the New Zealand islands, mapping the complete coastline.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=119-138}}{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=202-225}} With the aid of [[Tupaia (navigator)|Tupaia]], a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, Cook was the first European to communicate with the [[Māori people|Māori]].<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Salmond 
|first=Anne
|author-link=Anne Salmond
 |title=Two worlds: First Meetings Between Māori and Europeans, 1642–1772
|url=https://archive.org/details/twoworldsfirstme0000anne
|access-date=29 May 2025
 |date=1991
 |publisher=Viking
 |isbn=0-670-83298-7
 |oclc=26545658
}}</ref> Despite Cook's attempts to establish relations, many encounters turned violent, and a total of nine Māori were killed during the voyage.<ref>{{cite magazine
|title=British Government ‘Expresses Regret’ for Māori Killed After James Cook’s Arrival in New Zealand
|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/british-government-expresses-regret-maori-killed-after-james-cooks-arrival-new-zealand-180973270/
|website=Smithsonian Magazine
|issn=0037-7333
|date=3 October 2019
|first=Brigit
|last= Katz
|access-date=29 May 2025
}} British government statement describes nine deaths.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|pp=198–200, 202, 205–207.}}</ref> 
[[File:Cook's landing at Botany Bay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15
|alt=Cook in a small boat, approaching a shore, where two Australian Aborigines are standing
|Cook landing at [[Botany Bay]], artist unknown.]]

Cook then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia near [[Point Hicks]] on 19 April 1770.<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|pp=226–228.}}</ref>{{efn|At this time, the [[International Date Line]] had yet to be established, so the dates in Cook's journal are a day earlier than those accepted today.}} In doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline.<ref>{{cite web 
|date=18 July 2018
 |title=Queensland's History Pre-1700s
 |url=https://www.qld.gov.au/about/about-queensland/history/timeline/pre-1700s 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615052433/https://www.qld.gov.au/about/about-queensland/history/timeline/pre-1700s 
|archive-date=15 June 2024 
|access-date=29 December 2024 
|website=Queensland Government}}</ref>{{efn|Earlier explorers had encountered the northern and southern coasts of Australia.}} On 23 April, Cook saw [[Aboriginal Australians]] for the first time at [[Brush Island]] near [[Bawley Point, New South Wales|Bawley Point]].<ref name= jour22Apr>{{cite web
 |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700422.html
 |title=Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 22 April 1770
 |access-date=21 September 2011
 |archive-date=27 September 2011
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927080037/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700422.html
 |url-status=live}}
</ref>{{efn|Cook noted in his journal: "... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes<!--not a mistake, don't change it--> they might have on I know not."<ref name= jour22Apr/>}} ''Endeavour'' continued northwards along the coastline, keeping the land in sight, while Cook charted and named landmarks along the way.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=137-140}} On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the continent in [[Botany Bay]], at the east end of [[Silver Beach (New South Wales)|Silver Beach]].{{efn|The landing location is within the modern [[Kamay Botany Bay National Park]]. Cook initially named the bay Sting-Ray Harbour, after the many stingrays found there,{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=142}} but later changed it to Botany Bay, in recognition of the unique specimens retrieved by expedition botanists Banks and Solander.<ref>{{harvnb|Beaglehole|1974|p=230.}}</ref>}} In the expedition's first direct encounter with Aboriginal Australians, two Gweagal men of the [[Dharawal]] / [[Eora]] nation opposed the landing, and one of them was shot and wounded by Cook's crew.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voices heard but not understood |url=https://www.gujaga.org.au/stories/voices-heard-but-not-understood |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=Gujaga Foundation |date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308075129/https://www.gujaga.org.au/stories/voices-heard-but-not-understood |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto22">{{cite web |title=Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 29 April 1770 |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700429.html |access-date=25 October 2019 |website=southseas.nla.gov.au |publisher=South Seas |archive-date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110408181719/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700429.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=141–43.}}</ref>

Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, exploring the surrounding area and collecting water, timber, fodder, and botanical specimens.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=140-144}} Cook sought to establish relations with the Indigenous population without success.<ref>{{Cite book
 |last=FitzSimons
 |first=Peter
 |title=James Cook: the story behind the man who mapped the world
 |date=2019 
|publisher=Hachette Australia
 |isbn=978-0-7336-4127-5 
|pages=304–306
|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/James_Cook/oqWiDwAAQBAJ
|access-date=29 May 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=146–157.}}</ref> Their first landing site was later to be promoted, particularly by Joseph Banks, as a suitable candidate for situating a settlement and [[British colony|British colonial]] outpost.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=142}}<ref>{{harvnb|Blainey |2020|p=287.}}</ref>

[[File:StateLibQld 1 184663 Endeavour (ship).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3
|alt=A large wooden ship, resting on its side on a beach
| ''Endeavour'' beached for repairs after running aground on the [[Great Barrier Reef]] in 1770. Drawing by ship artist [[Sydney Parkinson]].]]
After his departure from Botany Bay, he continued northwards, stopping at [[Bustard Bay]] on 23 May 1770.{{sfn|Hough|1994|p=145}} The ships proceeded north through the shallow and extremely dangerous [[Great Barrier Reef]]. On 11 June ''Endeavour'' ran aground on the reef at high tide.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=148-151}} The ship was stuck fast, so Cook ordered all excess weight thrown overboard, including six cannons and some of the ship's ballast. She was eventually hauled off after 27 hours, on the second high tide after the grounding.{{sfn|Beaglehole|1974|pp=237-239}} The ship was leaking badly, so the crew [[Fothering|fothered]] the damage (hauled a spare sail under the ship to cover and slow the leak).{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=148-151}} Cook then [[careen]]ed the ship on a beach at the mouth of the [[Endeavour River]] for seven weeks while repairs were undertaken.{{sfn|Hough|1994|pp=151-155}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=195-197, 227.}}</ref> 
<!--The crew's encounters with the local Aboriginal people were mostly peaceful, although following a dispute over green turtles Cook ordered shots to be fired and one local was lightly wounded.<ref>{{harvnb|Blainey|2020|pp=220–221.}}</ref> -->

The voyage continued northward until they reached the northeast tip of Australia: [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York]]. Searching for a vantage point to look for a route forward, Cook saw a hill on a nearby island. On 22 August 1770, he stood atop the island and claimed the entire Australian coast that he had surveyed as British territory, and named the island [[Possession Island (Queensland)|Possession Island]].{{sfn|Collingridge|2003|p=237}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=James |date=21 August 1770 |title=Cook's Journal: Daily Entries |url=http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700821.html |access-date=28 August 2020 |website=National Library of Australia |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031092849/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17700821.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The expedition then turned west and continued homeward through the dangerously shallow waters of the [[Torres Strait]].