Editing Knowledge management (section)

==KM technologies==
Knowledge management (KM) technology can be categorised:
* [[Collaborative software]]([[Groupware]])—Software that facilitates collaboration and sharing of organisational information. Such applications provide tools for [[threaded discussion]]s, [[document sharing]], organisation-wide uniform email, and other collaboration-related features.
* [[Workflow system]]s—Systems that allow the representation of processes associated with the creation, use and maintenance of organisational knowledge, such as the process of creating and utilise forms and documents.
* [[Content management]] and [[document management]] systems—Software systems that automate the process of creating web content and/or documents. Roles such as editors, graphic designers, writers and producers can be explicitly modeled along with the tasks in the process and validation criteria. Commercial vendors started either to support documents or to support web content but as the Internet grew these functions merged and vendors now perform both functions.
* [[Enterprise portal]]s—Software that aggregates information across the entire organisation or for groups such as project teams.
* [[eLearning]]—Software that enables organisations to create customised training and education. This can include lesson plans, monitoring progress and online classes.
* Planning and [[Appointment scheduling software|scheduling software]]—Software that automates schedule creation and maintenance. The planning aspect can be integrated with [[project management software]].<ref name="19Harv" />
* [[Telepresence]]—Software that enables individuals to have virtual "face-to-face" meetings without assembling at one location. Videoconferencing is the most obvious example.
* [[Semantic technology]] such as [[Ontology (information science)|ontologies]]—Systems that encode meaning alongside data to give machines the ability to extract and infer information.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Davies |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Grobelnik |editor2-first=Marko |editor3-last=Mladenić |editor3-first=Dunja |date=2009 |title=Semantic Knowledge Management: Integrating Ontology Management, Knowledge Discovery, and Human Language Technologies |location=Berlin |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=9783540888444 |oclc=312625476 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-88845-1}}</ref>

These categories overlap. Workflow, for example, is a significant aspect of content or document management systems, most of which have tools for developing enterprise portals.<ref name=16Gupta /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rao|first1=Madanmohan|title=Knowledge Management Tools and Techniques|url=https://archive.org/details/knowledgemanagem00raom|url-access=limited|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7506-7818-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/knowledgemanagem00raom/page/n23 3]–42}}</ref> 
 
Proprietary KM technology products such as [[HCL Notes]] (Previously Lotus Notes) defined proprietary formats for email, documents, forms, etc. The Internet drove most vendors to adopt Internet formats. [[Open-source software|Open-source]] and [[freeware]] tools for the creation of [[blog]]s and [[wiki]]s now enable capabilities that used to require expensive commercial tools.<ref name=21TLO /><ref name=22Andrus>{{cite journal|last=Calvin|first=D. Andrus|title=The Wiki and the Blog: Toward a Complex Adaptive Intelligence Community|journal=Studies in Intelligence|year=2005|volume=49|issue=3|ssrn=755904}}</ref>

KM is driving the adoption of tools that enable organisations to work at the semantic level,<ref name=26Cap>{{cite journal|last=Capozzi|first=Marla M.|title=Knowledge Management Architectures Beyond Technology|journal=First Monday|year=2007|volume=12|issue=6|doi=10.5210/fm.v12i6.1871 |doi-access=free }}</ref> as part of the [[Semantic Web]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Berners-Lee |first1=Tim |first2=James |last2=Hendler |first3=Ora |last3=Lassila |title=The Semantic Web A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities |journal=Scientific American |date=May 17, 2001 |url=http://www.cs.umd.edu/~golbeck/LBSC690/SemanticWeb.html |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34 |volume=284 |issue=5 |pages=34–43 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424071228/http://www.cs.umd.edu/~golbeck/LBSC690/SemanticWeb.html |archive-date=April 24, 2013 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some commentators have argued that after many years the Semantic Web has failed to see widespread adoption,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bakke |first1=Sturla |last2=ygstad |first2=Bendik |date=May 2009 |title=Two emerging technologies: a comparative analysis of Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web |journal=CONF-IRM 2009 Proceedings |issue=28 |url=http://aisel.aisnet.org/confirm2009/28 |quote=Our research question is: how do we explain the surprising success of Web 2.0 and the equally surprising non-fulfillment of the Semantic Web. Building on a case study approach we conducted a in depth comparative analysis of the two emerging technologies. We propose two conclusions. First, traditional top-down management of an emerging global technology has proved not to be effective in the case of the Semantic Web and Web 2.0, and second, the success for such global technologies is mainly associated with bootstrapping an already installed base. |access-date=2017-09-05 |archive-date=2017-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906040756/http://aisel.aisnet.org/confirm2009/28/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grimes |first=Seth |date=7 January 2014 |title=Semantic Web business: going nowhere slowly |url=https://www.informationweek.com/software/information-management/semantic-web-business-going-nowhere-slowly/d/d-id/1113323 |magazine=[[InformationWeek]] |access-date=5 September 2017 |quote=SemWeb is a narrowly purposed replica of a subset of the World Wide Web. It's useful for information enrichment in certain domains, via a circumscribed set of tools. However, the SemWeb offers a vanishingly small benefit to the vast majority of businesses. The vision persists but is unachievable; the business reality of SemWeb is going pretty much nowhere.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cagle |first=Kurt |date=3 July 2016 |title=Why the Semantic Web has failed |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-semantic-web-has-failed-kurt-cagle |publisher=[[LinkedIn]] |access-date=5 September 2017 |quote=This may sound like heresy, but my personal belief is that the semantic web has failed. Not in "just give it a few more years and it'll catch on" or "it's just a matter of tooling and editors". No, I'd argue that, as admirable as the whole goal of the semantic web is, it's just not working in reality. |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119084025/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-semantic-web-has-failed-kurt-cagle |url-status=live }}</ref> while other commentators have argued that it has been a success.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zaino |first=Jennifer |date=23 September 2014 |title=The Semantic Web's rocking, and there ain't no stopping it now |url=http://www.dataversity.net/semantic-webs-rocking-aint-stopping-now/ |newspaper=Dataversity |access-date=5 September 2017 |quote=Make no mistake about it: The semantic web has been a success and that's not about to stop now. That was essentially the message delivered by W3C Data Activity Lead Phil Archer, during his keynote address celebrating the semantic web's ten years of achievement at last month's Semantic Technology & Business Conference in San Jose. |archive-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905232820/http://www.dataversity.net/semantic-webs-rocking-aint-stopping-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref>