Editing LSD (section)

==Effects==
LSD produces a variety of physical, psychological, and sensory effects.<ref name="HolzeSinghLiechti2024" />

===Psychological===
The primary immediate psychological effects of LSD are [[visual hallucination|visual pseudo-hallucination]]s and altered thought, often referred to as "trips". These sensory alterations are considered pseudohallucinations because the subject does not perceive the patterns seen as being located in three-dimensional space outside the body.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = El-Mallakh RS, Walker KL | title = Hallucinations, psuedohallucinations, and parahallucinations | journal = Psychiatry | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–42 | date = 2010 | pmid = 20235616 | doi = 10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 }}</ref> LSD is not considered addictive. These effects typically begin within 20–30 minutes of oral ingestion, peak three to four hours after ingestion, and can last up to 20 hours, particularly with higher doses. An "[[afterglow (drug culture)|afterglow]]" effect, characterized by an improved mood or perceived mental state, may persist for days or weeks following ingestion.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Majić T, Schmidt TT, Gallinat J |title=Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: when and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences? |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=241–253 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25670401 |doi=10.1177/0269881114568040 |s2cid=16483172}}</ref> Positive experiences, or "good trips", are described as intensely pleasurable and can include feelings of joy, euphoria, an increased appreciation for life, decreased anxiety, a sense of spiritual enlightenment, and a feeling of interconnectedness with the universe.<ref name="erowid-faq">{{cite web |work=[[Erowid]] |vauthors=Honig D |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/lsd_faq.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212232436/https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/lsd_faq.shtml |archive-date=12 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="PMID6054248">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlothlin W, Cohen S, McGlothlin MS |title=Long lasting effects of LSD on normals |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=521–532 |date=November 1967 |pmid=6054248 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730290009002| url=http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/1967/1967_mcglothlin_4655_1.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430020912/http://www.maps.org/w3pb/new/1967/1967_mcglothlin_4655_1.pdf}}</ref>

Negative experiences, commonly known as "[[bad trip]]s", can induce feelings of fear, agitation, anxiety, panic, and paranoia.<ref name="PassieHalpernStrichtenoth2008" /><ref name="kopra_adverse">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kopra EI, Ferris JA, Rucker JJ, McClure B, Young AH, Copeland CS, Winstock AR | title = Adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking following the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 956–964 | date = August 2022 | pmid = 35672900 | pmc = 9353972 | doi = 10.1177/02698811221099650 }}</ref> While the occurrence of a bad trip is unpredictable, factors such as mood, surroundings, sleep, hydration, and social setting, collectively referred to as "[[set and setting]]", can influence the risk and are considered important in minimizing the likelihood of a negative experience.<ref name=MedlinePlus>{{citation |title=Substance use – LSD |vauthors=Rogge T |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=14 July 2016 |publisher=MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000795.htm |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728004220/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000795.htm|archive-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref><ref name=CESAR>{{citation|title=LSD |author=CESAR |publisher=Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland |date=29 October 2013 |access-date=14 July 2016 |url=http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/lsd.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715071823/http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/lsd.asp |archive-date=July 15, 2016}}</ref>

===Sensory===
LSD induces an animated sensory experience affecting senses, emotions, memories, time, and awareness. The effects range from subtle perceptual changes to profound [[cognitive shift]]s. Alterations in auditory and visual perception are common.<ref name="linton-langs"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Katz MM, Waskow IE, Olsson J |title=Characterizing the psychological state produced by LSD |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |date=February 1968 |pmid=5639999 |doi=10.1037/h0020114 |citeseerx=10.1.1.409.4030}}</ref>

Users may experience enhanced visual phenomena, such as vibrant colors, objects appearing to morph, ripple or move, and geometric patterns on various surfaces. Changes in the perception of food's texture and taste are also noted, sometimes leading to aversion towards certain foods.<ref name="linton-langs">{{cite journal |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |title=Subjective Reactions to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25) |date=May 1962 |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=352–368 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1962.01710230020003 |vauthors=Linton HR, Langs RJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Parker LA |title=LSD produces place preference and flavor avoidance but does not produce flavor aversion in rats |journal=Behavioral Neuroscience |volume=110 |issue=3 | pages=503–508 |date=June 1996 |pmid=8888996 |doi=10.1037/0735-7044.110.3.503}}</ref>

There are reports of inanimate objects appearing animated, with static objects seeming to move in additional spatial dimensions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Oster G |title=Moiré patterns and visual hallucinations |journal=Psychedelic Review |date=1966 |volume=7 |pages=33–40 |url= https://maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n07/n07033osl.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419154504/http://www.maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n07/n07033osl.pdf}}</ref> The auditory effects of LSD may include [[echo]]-like distortions of sounds, and an intensified experience of music. Basic visual effects often resemble [[phosphenes]] and can be influenced by concentration, thoughts, emotions, or music.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaelen M, Roseman L, Kahan J, Santos-Ribeiro A, Orban C, Lorenz R, Barrett FS, Bolstridge M, Williams T, Williams L, Wall MB, Feilding A, Muthukumaraswamy S, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris R |date=July 2016 |title=LSD modulates music-induced imagery via changes in parahippocampal connectivity |journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=1099–1109 |pmid=27084302 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.03.018 |s2cid=24037275}}</ref> Higher doses can lead to more intense sensory perception alterations, including synesthesia, perception of additional dimensions, and temporary [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]].

===Physical===
[[File:Possible physical effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).svg|thumb|upright=1|Some symptoms reported for LSD.<ref name=NIDA>{{cite web |date=June 2009 |title=Hallucinogens – LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP |publisher=The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) |url=http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/hallucinogens.html |work=NIDA InfoFacts|archive-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121195932/http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/hallucinogens.html}}</ref><ref name=Schiff>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schiff PL |title=Ergot and its alkaloids |journal=American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=98 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17149427 |pmc=1637017 |doi=10.5688/aj700598 |doi-broken-date=November 19, 2024 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Mydriasis due to LSD usage.jpg|alt=Patient with Mydriasis due to usage of LSD|thumb|upright=1|left|Patient with [[mydriasis]] (pupil dilation) due to usage of LSD.]]

LSD can induce physical effects such as [[Mydriasis|pupil dilation]], decreased [[appetite]], increased [[sweating]], and [[wakefulness]]. The physical reactions to LSD vary greatly and some may be a result of its psychological effects. Commonly observed symptoms include increased [[body temperature]], [[blood sugar]], and [[heart rate]], as well as [[goose bumps]], [[Bruxism|jaw clenching]], [[dry mouth]], and [[hyperreflexia]]. In cases of adverse reactions, users may experience [[numbness]], [[weakness]], [[nausea]], and [[Tremor|tremors]].<ref name="EU2018" />

===Onset and duration===
The psychoactive effects of LSD last on average between 7 and 11{{nbsp}}hours, with a possible range of 4 to 22{{nbsp}}hours.<ref name="HolzeSinghLiechti2024" /> Higher doses tend to lead to a longer duration of action.<ref name="HolzeSinghLiechti2024" /> The [[onset of action]] when administered orally is 0.4 to 1.0{{nbsp}}hours on average, with a possible range of 0.1 to 1.8{{nbsp}}hours.<ref name="HolzeSinghLiechti2024" />