Editing Labeling theory (section)

===Albert Memmi===
In ''The Colonizer and the Colonized'' (1965), [[Albert Memmi]] described the deep psychological effects of the social stigma created by the domination of one group by another. He wrote:<blockquote>The longer the oppression lasts, the more profoundly it affects him (the oppressed). It ends by becoming so familiar to him that he believes it is part of his own constitution, that he accepts it and could not imagine his recovery from it. This acceptance is the crowning point of oppression.<ref>[[Albert Memmi|Memmi, Albert]]. 1965. ''The Colonizer and the Colonized''. New York: Orion Press.</ref>{{Rp|321–2}}</blockquote>In ''Dominated Man'' (1968), Memmi turned his attention to the motivation of stigmatic labeling: it justifies the exploitation or criminalization of the victim. He wrote:<blockquote>Why does the accuser feel obliged to accuse in order to justify himself? ''Because he feels guilty toward his victim.'' Because he feels that his attitude and his behavior are essentially unjust and fraudulent.… Proof? ''In almost every case, the punishment has already been inflicted''. The victim of racism is already living under the weight of disgrace and oppression.… In order to justify such punishment and misfortune, a process of rationalization is set in motion, by which to explain the ghetto and colonial exploitation.<ref>[[Albert Memmi|Memmi, Albert]]. 1968. ''Dominated Man''. New York: Orion Press.</ref>{{Rp|191–3}}</blockquote>Central to stigmatic labeling is the attribution of an inherent fault: It is as if one says, "There must be something wrong with these people. Otherwise, why would we treat them so badly?"