Editing Laboratory mouse (section)

===Commonly used inbred strains===

There are many [[Strain (biology)|strains]] of [[laboratory mice|mice]] used in research, however, [[Inbreeding|inbred]] strains are usually the animals of choice for most fields. Inbred mice are defined as being the product of at least 20 generations of brother X sister mating, with all individuals being derived from a single breeding pair.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/inbred-strain | title=Inbred Strain - an overview &#124; ScienceDirect Topics }}</ref>

Inbred mice have several traits that make them ideal for research purposes. They are [[Isogenic line|isogenic]], meaning that all animals are nearly genetically identical.<ref name="auto4">{{cite book | chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374984-0.00781-6 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-374984-0.00781-6 | chapter=Inbred Strain | title=Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics | year=2001 | last1=Silver | first1=L. | page=53 | isbn=9780080961569 }}</ref> Approximately 98.7% of the [[genetic loci]] in the [[genome]] are [[homozygous]], so there are probably no "hidden" [[recessive trait]]s that could cause problems.<ref name="auto4"/> They also have very unified [[phenotype]]s due to this stability.<ref name="auto4"/>

Many inbred strains have well documented traits that make them ideal for specific types of research. The following table shows the top 10 most popular strains according to [[Jackson Laboratory|Jackson Laboratories]].<br>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Common inbred strains of laboratory mice available from Jackson Laboratories
|-
! Strain !! Coat color<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=https://jackson.jax.org/rs/444-BUH-304/images/Poster_Mouse_Coat_Color.pdf |title=Poster Mouse Coat Color|website=jax.org|access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref> !! Common research uses !! Total Pubmed publications referencing the strain as of April 19, 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/|title=PubMed|website=PubMed}}</ref>
|-
| C3HeB/FeJ  || Agouti || [[Immunology]], [[inflammation]], [[autoimmunity]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/000658 | title=000658 - C3HFe Strain Details }}</ref> || 482
|-
| NOD/ShiLtJ ||  Albino || Autoimmune [[type 1 diabetes]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/001976 | title=001976 - NOD Strain Details }}</ref> || 105
|-
| DBA/1J || Dilute brown || [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/000670 | title=000670 - DBA1 Strain Details }}</ref> || 445
|-
| [[BALB/c|BALB/cByJ]]  || Albino || [[Cancer]], [[Cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular]], [[immunology]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/001026 | title=001026 - Strain Details }}</ref> || 628 
|-
| DBA/2J  || Dilute brown || [[Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular]], [[dermatology]], [[developmental biology]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/000671 | title=000671 - DBA2 Strain Details }}</ref> || 2,722
|-
| C3H/HeJ || Agouti || [[Cancer]], [[Cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular]], [[hematology]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/000659 | title=000659 - C3H Strain Details }}</ref> || 4,037
|-
| [[C57BL/6|C57BL/6J]] || Black || General purpose, background<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/000664 | title=000664 - B6 Strain Details }}</ref> || 25,723
|-
| SJL/J  || Albino || [[Cancer]], [[Cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular]], [[dermatology]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/000686 | title=000686 - SJL Strain Details }}</ref> || 1,448
|-
| FVB/NJ || Albino || [[Immunology]], [[inflammation]], [[autoimmunity]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/001800 | title=001800 - FVB Strain Details }}</ref> || 350
|-
| 129S1/SvImJ || Agouti || [[Mutation|Targeted mutations]], [[cancer]]<ref name="auto5">{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/002448 | title=002448 - 129S1 Strain Details }}</ref> || 222
|}

==== Jackson Labs DO project ====
[[File:PHYLOGENTIC TREE REDRAW.png|thumb|Phylogenetic tree of the eight founder strains used in the DO project, as well as their approximate age of divergence. M. spretus is included as an outgroup that diverged ~2 million years ago (mya), it is not part of the DO project.<ref>doi: 10.1007/s00335-015-9581-z</ref>]]
The [[Jackson Laboratory|Jackson Labs]] DO ([[Outcrossing|Diversity Outbred]]) project<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/research-and-faculty/genetic-diversity-initiative | title=JAX Genetic Diversity Initiative (GeDI) }}</ref> is a mouse breeding program using multiple inbred founder strains to create a [[genetic diversity|genetically diverse]] population of mice for use in scientific research.

These mice are designed for fine [[genetic mapping]], and capture a large portion of the [[genetic diversity]] of the mouse genome.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2019.04.003 | doi=10.1016/j.tig.2019.04.003 | title=High-Diversity Mouse Populations for Complex Traits | year=2019 | last1=Saul | first1=Michael C. | last2=Philip | first2=Vivek M. | last3=Reinholdt | first3=Laura G. | last4=Chesler | first4=Elissa J. | last5=Chesler | first5=E. J. | journal=Trends in Genetics | volume=35 | issue=7 | pages=501–514 | pmid=31133439 | pmc=6571031 }}</ref>

This project has resulted in over 1,000 genetically diverse mice which have been used to identify genetic factors for diseases such as obesity, cancer, diabetes, and alcohol use disorder.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=6571031 | year=2019 | last1=Saul | first1=M. C. | last2=Philip | first2=V. M. | last3=Reinholdt | first3=L. G. | author4=Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction | last5=Chesler | first5=E. J. | title=High-diversity mouse populations for complex traits | journal=Trends in Genetics | volume=35 | issue=7 | pages=501–514 | doi=10.1016/j.tig.2019.04.003 | pmid=31133439 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Founder strains used in the DO project
! Strain !! Derivation !! Subspecies origin !! Coat color<ref name="auto2"/> !! Common research uses !! Total Pubmed publications referencing the strain as of April 19, 2023
|-
| A/J || Laboratory || ''Mus musculus domesticus''<ref name="auto3">{{cite journal | pmid=26135136 | year=2015 | last1=Morgan | first1=A. P. | last2=Welsh | first2=C. E. | title=Informatics resources for the Collaborative Cross and related mouse populations | journal=Mammalian Genome | volume=26 | issue=9–10 | pages=521–539 | doi=10.1007/s00335-015-9581-z | pmc=4633285 }}</ref> || Albino || [[Cancer]], [[immunology]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/000646 | title=000646 - AJ Strain Details }}</ref> || 5,500
|-
| [[C57BL/6|C57BL/6J]] || Laboratory || ''Mus musculus domesticus''<ref name="auto3"/> || Black || General purpose, background<ref name="auto1"/> || 25,723
|-
| 129S1/SvImJ || Laboratory || ''Mus musculus domesticus'' || Agouti<ref name="auto5"/> || Targeted [[mutation]]s, [[cancer]]<ref name="auto5"/> || 222
|-
| NOD/ShiLtJ || Laboratory || ''Mus musculus domesticus''<ref name="auto3"/> ||  Albino || Autoimmune [[type 1 diabetes]]<ref name="auto"/> || 105
|-
| NZO/HILtJ || Laboratory || ''Mus musculus domesticus''<ref name="auto3"/> || Agouti || [[Obesity]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/002105 | title=002105 - New Zealand Obese Strain Details }}</ref> || 11
|-
| CAST/EiJ || Wild-derived || ''Mus musculus castaneus''<ref name="auto3"/> ||  Agouti || [[Mendelian inheritance|Crossbreeding heterozygous F1 hybrids]], [[genetic mapping]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/000928 | title=000928 - CAST Strain Details }}</ref> || 154
|-
| PWK/PhJ || Wild-derived || ''Mus musculus musculus'' <ref name="auto3"/> ||Agouti|| [[Genetic mapping]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/003715 | title=003715 - Strain Details }}</ref> || 52
|-
| WSB/EiJ || Wild-derived || ''Mus musculus domesticus''<ref name="auto3"/> || Agouti with head blaze, greyish coat

 || [[Genetic mapping]], [[evolution]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jax.org/strain/001145 | title=001145 - Strain Details }}</ref> || 65
|}