Editing Li Hongzhang (section)

===Establishing military academies===

[[File:Hubert Vos's painting of Li Hongzhang.jpg|thumb|left|A painting of Li Hongzhang]]

In 1885, Li founded the Tianjin Military Academy ({{lang|zh-hant|天津武備學堂}}) to train Chinese military officers as part of his military reforms.<ref>{{cite book|volume=11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series|title=Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911|editor1-link=John K. Fairbank|author-link1=Kwang-Ching Liu|author=Kwang-ching Liu|editor1=John King Fairbank|editor2-link=Denis Twitchett|editor2=Denis Crispin Twitchett|year=1980|page=266|isbn=0-521-22029-7|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|volume=11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series|title=Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911|author=Kwang-ching Liu|editor=John King Fairbank, Denis Crispin Twitchett|edition=illustrated|year=1980|page=267|isbn=0-521-22029-7|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> The move was supported by [[Huai Army]] commander {{ill|Zhou Shengchuan|zh|周盛傳|ja|周盛伝}}.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|volume=11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series|title=Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911|editor=John King Fairbank, Denis Crispin Twitchett|edition=illustrated|year=1980|page=267|isbn=0-521-22029-7|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> The academy was to serve Huai Army and [[Green Standard Army]] officers. Various practical military, mathematics and science subjects were taught at the academy. The instructors were German military officers.<ref name="auto"/> Another programme was started at the academy for five years in 1887 to train teenagers as new military officers.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|volume=11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series|title=Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911|editor=John King Fairbank, Denis Crispin Twitchett|edition=illustrated|year=1980|page=268|isbn=0-521-22029-7|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Mathematics, practical and technical subjects, sciences, foreign languages, Chinese classics and history were taught at the school. Students also took exams. The Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools copied the Tianjin Military Academy's curriculum.<ref name="auto1"/> The maritime defence fund supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which was shared with the Tianjin Naval Academy.<ref name="auto1"/>