Editing Limerence (section)

=== Passionate and companionate love ===
{{Main|Passionate and companionate love}}

Limerence has been compared to [[passionate love]], with [[Elaine Hatfield]] considering them synonymous or commenting in 2016 that they are "much the same".<ref name="Hatfield 1988 197"/><ref name="potentgrip">{{cite news | first = Nick | last = Lehr | title = Limerence: The potent grip of obsessive love | url = https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/10/health/limerence-heartbreak-obsession/index.html | format = web | work = [[CNN]] | date = 10 October 2016 | access-date = 5 May 2024 | archive-date = 31 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230531045734/https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/10/health/limerence-heartbreak-obsession/index.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Many other academics have also considered these terms synonymous.<ref name="fisher2002" /><ref name="proximateandultimate" /><ref name="diamond2003" /><ref name="acevedo2009" /> Passionate love is described as:<ref>{{harvnb|Hatfield|Walster|1985|p=9}}</ref>

<blockquote>A state of intense longing for union with an other. Reciprocated love (union with the other) is associated with fulfillment and ecstasy. Unrequited love (separation) with emptiness; with anxiety, or despair. A state of profound physiological arousal.</blockquote>Passionate love is linked to ''[[Passion (emotion)|passion]]'', as in intense emotion, for example, joy and fulfillment, but also anguish and agony.<ref name="Hatfield 1985 58">{{harvnb|Hatfield|Walster|1985|p=58}}</ref> Hatfield notes that the original meaning of passion "''was'' agony—as in [[Passion of Jesus|Christ's passion]]."<ref name="Hatfield 1985 58" /> Passionate love is contrasted with companionate love, which is "the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply entwined".<ref>{{harvnb|Hatfield|1988|p=191}}</ref> Companionate love is felt less intensely and often follows after passionate love in a relationship.<ref name="proximateandultimate" /><ref name="potentgrip" />{{Paragraph break}}Passionate love is commonly measured using the [[Passionate Love Scale]] (PLS), which was originally designed to measure the same state denoted by limerence.<ref name=":52" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aron |first1=Arthur |last2=Fisher |first2=Helen |last3=Mashek |first3=Debra J. |last4=Strong |first4=Greg |last5=Li |first5=Haifang |last6=Brown |first6=Lucy L. |date=August 2005 |title=Reward, Motivation, and Emotion Systems Associated With Early-Stage Intense Romantic Love |url=https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.00838.2004 |journal=Journal of Neurophysiology |language=en |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=327–337 |doi=10.1152/jn.00838.2004 |pmid=15928068 |issn=0022-3077|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hatfield|1988|pp=195,197}}</ref> The PLS has been critiqued as having questions which are overly broad, and it actually has two general factors: an obsession factor and a non-obsession factor.<ref name="ias">{{cite journal |last1=Langeslag |first1=Sandra |last2=Muris |first2=Peter |last3=Franken |first3=Ingmar |date=25 Oct 2012 |title=Measuring Romantic Love: Psychometric Properties of the Infatuation and Attachment Scales |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224499.2012.714011 |journal=[[The Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=739–747 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2012.714011 |pmid=23098269|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="acevedo2009" /> The PLS obsession factor has questions like "Sometimes I feel I can't control my thoughts; they are obsessively on my partner." and "An existence without my partner would be dark and dismal."<ref name="acevedo2009" /><ref name=":42" /> Limerence has been compared to passionate love with obsession:<ref name="acevedo2009" /><blockquote>Passionate love, "a state of intense longing for union with another" [...], also referred to as "being in love" (Meyers & Berscheid, 1997), "infatuation" (Fisher, 1998), and "limerence" (Tennov, 1979), includes an obsessive element, characterized by intrusive thinking, uncertainty, and mood swings.</blockquote>In ''Love and Limerence,'' [[Dorothy Tennov]] also lists passionate love among several synonyms for limerence, and refers to one of Hatfield's early writings on the subject.<ref>{{harvnb|Tennov|1999|pp=56,116,172,282}}</ref> However, the focus of Tennov's study was on individuals and the aspects of love that produced distress, rather than relationships.<ref>{{harvnb|Tennov|2005|p=28}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Tennov|1999|pp=6–7}}</ref> She has also said that one of the problems she encountered in her studies is that her interview subjects would use terms like "passionate love", "romantic love" and "being in love" to refer to mental states other than what she refers to as limerence.<ref>{{harvnb|Tennov|1999|p=116}}</ref> For example, some of her nonlimerent interviewees would use the word "obsession", yet not report the [[intrusive thought]]s necessary to limerence, only that "thoughts of the person are frequent and pleasurable".<ref>{{harvnb|Tennov|1999|pp=114–115}}</ref>