Editing Medical error (section)

=== US ===
According to a 2002 [[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] report, about 7,000 people were estimated to die each year from medication errors – about 16 percent more deaths than the number attributable to work-related injuries (6,000 deaths).{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}  One in five Americans (22%) report that they or a family member have experienced a medical error of some kind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthfund.org/about-us/annual-reports/2002-annual-report|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416064632/http://www.commonwealthfund.org/about-us/annual-reports/2002-annual-report|url-status=dead|title=2002 Annual Report|archivedate=April 16, 2018}}</ref> A 2000 [[Institute of Medicine]] report estimated that medical errors result in between 44,000 and 98,000 preventable deaths and 1,000,000 excess injuries each year in U.S. hospitals.<ref name="toerr" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Charatan |first1=Fred |date=4 March 2000 |title=Clinton acts to reduce medical mistakes |journal=BMJ |volume=320 |issue=7235 |pages=597 |doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7235.597 |pmc=1117638 |pmid=10698861}}</ref><ref name="Epid">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weingart SN, Wilson RM, Gibberd RW, Harrison B |date=March 2000 |title=Epidemiology of medical error |journal=BMJ |volume=320 |issue=7237 |pages=774–7 |doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7237.774 |pmc=1117772 |pmid=10720365}}</ref> A 2001 study in the ''[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]'' of seven [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Department of Veterans Affairs]] medical centers estimated that for roughly every 10,000 patients admitted to the select hospitals, one patient died who would have lived for three months or more in good cognitive health had "optimal" care been provided.<ref name="Hayward & Hofer" /> A 2001 study estimated that 1% of hospital admissions result in an adverse event due to [[negligence]].<ref name="pmid1987460">{{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJM199102073240604 |vauthors=Brennan T, Leape L, Laird N, Hebert L, Localio A, Lawthers A, Newhouse J, Weiler P, Hiatt H |title=Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=324 |issue=6 |pages=370–6 |year=1991 |pmid=1987460 |s2cid=3101439 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Identification or errors may be a challenge in these studies, and mistakes may be more common than reported as these studies identify only mistakes that led to measurable adverse events occurring soon after the errors. Independent review of  doctors' treatment plans suggests that decision-making could be improved in 14% of admissions; many of the benefits would have delayed manifestations.<ref name="pmid15109337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lucas B, Evans A, Reilly B, Khodakov Y, Perumal K, Rohr L, Akamah J, Alausa T, Smith C, Smith J |title=The Impact of Evidence on Physicians' Inpatient Treatment Decisions |journal=J Gen Intern Med |volume=19 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=402–9 |year=2004 | doi = 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30306.x | pmid=15109337 |pmc=1492243}}</ref> Even this number may be an underestimate. One study suggests that adults in the United States receive only 55% of recommended care.<ref name="pmid12826639">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlynn EA, Asch SM, Adams J, Keesey J, Hicks J, DeCristofaro A, Kerr EA | year = 2003 | title = The quality of health care delivered to adults in the United States | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 348 | issue = 26| pages = 2635–45 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMsa022615 | pmid = 12826639 | doi-access = free }}</ref> At the same time, a second study found that 30% of care in the United States may be unnecessary.<ref name="pmid14573739">{{cite journal | pmid = 14573739 | doi=10.1056/NEJMe038149 | volume=349 | issue=17 | journal = New England Journal of Medicine |date=October 2003 | title = Medical Care — Is More Always Better?  | pages=1665–7 |vauthors=Fisher ES}}</ref> For example, if a doctor fails to order a mammogram that is past due, this mistake will not show up in the first type of study.<ref name="pmid1987460" /> In addition, because no adverse event occurred during the short follow-up of the study, the mistake also would not show up in the second type of study<ref name="pmid15109337" /> because only the principal treatment plans were critiqued. However, the mistake would be recorded in the third type of study. If a doctor recommends an unnecessary treatment or test, it may not show in any of these types of studies.

Cause of death on United States death certificates, statistically compiled by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), are coded in the [[International Classification of Disease]] (ICD), which does not include codes for human and system factors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Makary |first1=Martin A |last2=Daniel |first2=Michael |title=Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US |journal=BMJ |volume=353 |date=3 May 2016 |pages=i2139 |doi=10.1136/bmj.i2139 |pmid=27143499 |s2cid=206910205 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Moriyama|first1=IM|last2=Loy|first2=RM|last3=Robb-Smith|first3=AHT|editor1-last=Rosenberg|editor1-first=HM|editor2-last=Hoyert|editor2-first=DL|title=History of the Statistical Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death|date=2011|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics|location=Hyattsville, MD|isbn=978-0-8406-0644-0|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/classification_diseases2011.pdf|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-date=May 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505192204/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/classification_diseases2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>