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Microreactor
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===Synthesis=== Microreactors can be used to synthesise material more effectively than current batch techniques allow. The benefits here are primarily enabled by the [[mass transfer]], [[thermodynamics]], and high surface area to volume ratio environment as well as engineering advantages in handling unstable intermediates. Microreactors are applied in combination with [[photochemistry]], [[electrosynthesis]], [[multicomponent reaction]]s and [[polymerization]] (for example that of [[butyl acrylate]]). It can involve liquid-liquid systems but also solid-liquid systems with for example the channel walls coated with a [[heterogeneous catalyst]]. Synthesis is also combined with online purification of the product.<ref name=Watts/> Following [[green chemistry]] principles, microreactors can be used to synthesize and purify extremely reactive [[Organometallic]] Compounds for [[Atomic Layer Deposition|ALD]] and [[Chemical vapor deposition|CVD]] applications, with improved safety in operations and higher purity products.<ref>''Method of Preparing Organometallic Compounds Using Microchannel Devices'', '''2009''', Francis Joseph Lipiecki, Stephen G. Maroldo, Deodatta Vinayak Shenai-Khatkhate, and Robert A. Ware, [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2009/0023940.html US 20090023940]</ref><ref>''Purification Process Using Microchannel Devices'', '''2009''', Francis Joseph Lipiecki, Stephen G. Maroldo, Deodatta Vinayak Shenai-Khatkhate, and Robert A. Ware, [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2009/0020010.html US 20090020010]</ref> In microreactor studies a [[Knoevenagel condensation]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lai |first1=Sau Man |last2=Martin-Aranda |first2=Rosa |last3=Yeung |first3=King Lun |title=Knoevenagel condensation reaction in a membrane microreactor |journal=Chemical Communications |date=7 January 2003 |issue=2 |pages=218–219 |doi=10.1039/b209297b |pmid=12585399 }}</ref> was performed with the channel coated with a [[zeolite]] catalyst layer which also serves to remove water generated in the reaction. The same reaction was performed in a microreactor covered by polymer brushes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Costantini |first1=Francesca |last2=Bula |first2=Wojciech P. |last3=Salvio |first3=Riccardo |last4=Huskens |first4=Jurriaan |last5=Gardeniers |first5=Han J. G. E. |last6=Reinhoudt |first6=David N. |last7=Verboom |first7=Willem |title=Nanostructure Based on Polymer Brushes for Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysis in Microreactors |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=11 February 2009 |volume=131 |issue=5 |pages=1650–1651 |doi=10.1021/Ja807616z |pmid=19143524 |bibcode=2009JAChS.131.1650C }}</ref> :[[Image:Knoevenagelmicroreactor.png|400px|Knoevenagel condensation application]] A [[Suzuki reaction]] was examined in another study<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uozumi |first1=Yasuhiro |last2=Yamada |first2=Yoichi M. A. |last3=Beppu |first3=Tomohiko |last4=Fukuyama |first4=Naoshi |last5=Ueno |first5=Masaharu |last6=Kitamori |first6=Takehiko |title=Instantaneous Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation Using a Microchannel Reactor with a Catalytic Membrane |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=December 2006 |volume=128 |issue=50 |pages=15994–15995 |doi=10.1021/ja066697r |pmid=17165726 |bibcode=2006JAChS.12815994U }}</ref> with a palladium catalyst confined in a [[polymer network]] of [[polyacrylamide]] and a [[triphenylphosphine|triarylphosphine]] formed by [[interfacial polymerization]]: :[[Image:Suzukimicroreactorreaction.png|400px|Suzuki reaction application]] The [[combustion]] of [[propane]] was demonstrated to occur at temperatures as low as 300 °C in a microchannel setup filled up with an [[aluminum oxide]] lattice coated with a [[platinum]] / [[molybdenum]] catalyst:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guan |first1=Guoqing |last2=Zapf |first2=Ralf |last3=Kolb |first3=Gunther |last4=Men |first4=Yong |last5=Hessel |first5=Volker |last6=Loewe |first6=Holger |last7=Ye |first7=Jianhui |last8=Zentel |first8=Rudolf |title=Low temperature catalytic combustion of propane over Pt-based catalyst with inverse opal microstructure in a microchannel reactor |journal=Chem. Commun. |date=2007 |issue=3 |pages=260–262 |doi=10.1039/b609599b |pmid=17299632 }}</ref> :[[Image:PropaneCombustionInmicrochannelreactor.png|400px|Propane combustion application]]
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