Editing Middle power (section)

==List of middle powers==
As with the great powers, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to which countries are considered middle powers. Lists are often the subject of much debate and tend to place comparatively large countries (e.g. [[Argentina]]) alongside relatively small ones (e.g. [[Norway]]).<ref name="Solomon">Solomon S (1997) [http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426220103/http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html |date=26 April 2015}}, ''ISS''</ref> Clearly not all middle powers are of equal status; some are considered [[regional power]]s and members of the [[G20]] (e.g. [[Australia]]), while others could very easily be considered [[small power]]s (e.g. the [[Czech Republic]]).<ref name = "CzechJournal">{{cite journal
| last       = Cabada
| first      = Ladislav
| date       = November 2005
| title      = The New International Role of Small(er) States
| url        = https://politicsincentraleurope.eu/documents/file/2005_11.pdf
| journal    = The Journal of the Central European Political Science Association
| volume     = 1
| issue      = 1
| pages      = 30–45
| access-date = 10 February 2020
}}</ref> Some larger middle powers also play important roles in the [[United Nations]] and other international organisations such as the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]. As a middle power  [[Canada]] has had considerable influence in world affairs through [[Canadian peacekeeping|its peacekeeping efforts]] in the late 20th century.<ref name="o407"/> Canada is known for its strong commitment to international peace and security and is often called upon to serve as a mediator in conflicts.<ref name="o407">{{cite book | last1=Courtney | first1=J. | last2=Courtney | first2=J.C. | last3=Smith | first3=D. | title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics | publisher=OUP USA | series=Oxford Handbooks in Politics & International Relations | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-533535-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA363 | access-date=May 9, 2024 | page=363}}</ref><ref name="Juneau Momani 2022 p. 131">{{cite book | last1=Juneau | first1=T. | last2=Momani | first2=B. | title=Middle Power in the Middle East: Canada's Foreign and Defence Policies in a Changing Region | publisher=University of Toronto Press | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-4875-2847-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izRjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 | page=131}}</ref>

The following is a list of 54 countries that have been, at some point in time since the [[post–Cold War era]], considered middle powers by academics or other experts (Members of the [[G20|G-20 major economies]] are in bold font, except for the [[EU member states]] and  [[Member states of the African Union|AU member states ]] which are attended under a collective membership of the EU and AU respectively):
{{Div col |colwidth=22em}}
*'''Africa (7 countries)'''
** {{flagcountry|Algeria|size=23px}}<ref name="Wurst">Wurst J (2006) [http://www.gsinstitute.org/docs/ClingendaelBrief_Final.pdf Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper], ''GSI'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614193536/http://www.gsinstitute.org/docs/ClingendaelBrief_Final.pdf |date=14 June 2007 |df=y}}</ref><ref name="Cooper">Cooper AF (1997) [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=033368186X Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306033144/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=033368186X |date=6 March 2012 }}, ''palgrave''</ref><ref name="Wood">Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in ''Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension'', edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).</ref><ref name="Martín">{{Cite web|url=https://atalayar.com/en/content/morocco-and-algeria-struggle-regional-leadership|title=Morocco and Algeria, the struggle for regional leadership|publisher=Atalayar|last=Martín |first=Lucas |access-date=9 August 2020|date=5 June 2020}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Egypt|size=23px}}<ref name="Wurst" /><ref name="Cooper et al">Andrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?', ''International Studies Review'', Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687.</ref><ref name="Ploughshares">Ploughshares Monitor (1997) [http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/mons97a.html Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011548/http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/mons97a.html |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Gilley">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/opinion/the-rise-of-the-middle-powers.html |title=The Rise of the Middle Powers |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=10 September 2012 |access-date=18 May 2019 |last=Gilley |first=Bruce}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Ethiopia|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: East Africa's Emerging Giant |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ethiopia-east-africas-emerging-giant |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=5 reasons why Ethiopia could be the next global economy to watch |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/09/5-reasons-why-ethiopia-could-be-the-next-global-economy-to-watch/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Somtribune |date=2020-08-29 |title=Ethiopia Can Be Africa's Next Superpower |url=https://www.somtribune.com/2020/08/29/ethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=SomTribune |language=en-GB}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Kenya|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/21082023-kenya-a-regional-power-in-africa-and-the-indo-pacific-analysis/ | title=Kenya: A Regional Power in Africa and the Indo-Pacific – Analysis | date=21 August 2023 }}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Morocco|size=23px}}<ref name="Martín"/>
** {{flagcountry|Nigeria|size=23px}}<ref name="Cooper et al"/><ref name="Mace-Belanger" /><ref>{{Cite book|s2cid=244203245|doi=10.1007/978-981-16-0370-9_9|chapter=Between a Regional Hegemon and a Middle Power: The Case of Nigeria|title=Awkward Powers: Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory|series=Global Political Transitions|year=2021|last1=Kim|first1=Jiye|pages=221–241|isbn=978-981-16-0369-3}}</ref>
**{{nowrap|'''{{flagcountry|South Africa|size=23px}}'''<ref name=Lechini>Gladys Lechini, ''Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas'', Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend ... The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from 'Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.</ref><ref>Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in ''Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War'', edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).</ref><ref>Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', ''Third World Quarterly'', Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455.</ref><ref name="Pfister">Pfister R (2006) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.cgi?path=239001176317320 The Apartheid Republuc and African States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612022430/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.cgi?path=239001176317320 |date=12 June 2007}}, ''H-Net''</ref><ref>Eduard Jordaan, 'Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East', ''Round Table'', Vol. 97, No. 397 (2008), pp. 547-549.</ref><ref name="GIGA">Flemes, Daniel, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (1 August 2007). GIGA Working Paper No. 57. {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.1007692}}</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" />}}
*'''Americas (6 countries)'''
**'''{{flagcountry|Argentina|size=23px}}'''<ref name="Wurst"/><ref name="Cooper"/><ref name="Wood"/>
**'''{{flagcountry|Canada|size=23px}}'''<ref name="Adriansyah"/><ref name="Behringer">Behringer RM (2005) [http://cac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/3/305 Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114151026/http://cac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/3/305 |date=14 November 2007 }}, ''SAGE''</ref><ref name="Crosby">Crosby AD (1997) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/424829 A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD], ''JSTOR''</ref><ref name="Petersen">Petersen K (2003) [http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles4/Petersen_Canada-Iraq.htm Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power], ''Dissident Voice''</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Chile|size=23px}}<ref name="Inoguchi" /><ref name="Heine">Heine J (2006) [http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy], ''ISN'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007112321/http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en|date=7 October 2007|df=y}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Colombia|size=23px}}<ref name="KYOTO1">{{cite web|url=http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm |title=THE UN DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE IN KYOTO |publisher=disarm.emb-japan.go.jp |access-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212429/http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="NewDiplomacy">{{cite web|url=http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007112321/http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en |archive-date=7 October 2007 |title=On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy |publisher=The Centre for International Governance Innovation |last=Heine |first=Jorge |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref>
** '''{{flagcountry|Mexico|size=23px}}'''<ref name="Wood"/><ref name="Cooper et al"/><ref name="Belanger">Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in ''Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War'', edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).</ref><ref name="Goad">Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?', ''Far Eastern Economic Review'', Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69.</ref><ref name="Pellicer">Pellicer O (2006)  [http://www.fes-globalization.org/publications/FES_BP_Mexico_Pellicer_eng.pdf Mexico&nbsp;– a Reluctant Middle Power?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614193536/http://www.fes-globalization.org/publications/FES_BP_Mexico_Pellicer_eng.pdf |date=14 June 2007 }}, ''FES''</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Peru|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing">{{cite web|url=https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/|title=A Balancing Act: The Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy |first1=Willem |last1=Oosterveld |first2=Bianca |last2=Torossian |work=Strategic Monitor 2018-2019 |publisher=[[Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael|Clingendael Institute]] |access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McKercher|first1=B. J. C. |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136664366|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ |language=en|quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources...}}</ref>
*'''Asia (20 countries)'''
** {{flagcountry|Bangladesh|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title= Bangladesh at 50: The Rise of A Bangladesh That Can Say No|journal= Security Nexus|date= 6 January 2022|volume= 23 - 2022|url= https://apcss.org/nexus_articles/bangladesh-at-50-the-rise-of-a-bangladesh-that-can-say-no/|last1= Yasmin|first1= Lailufar}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|North Korea|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} North Korea|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/north-korea/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en}}</ref>
** '''{{flagcountry|Indonesia|size=23px}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Indonesia|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/indonesia/|access-date=18 December 2021 |website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en|quote=Indonesia has for the first time reached a top-ten placement in the Index. Jakarta now outranks Singapore as the most diplomatically influential player in Southeast Asia.}}</ref><ref name="Ping">Jonathan H. Ping, ''Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific'' (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" />
** {{flagcountry|Iran|size=23px}}<ref name="Ehteshami">Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, ''Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System'' (London: Routledge, 1997).</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Samhat |first=Nayef H. |year=2000 |title=Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons for Irano-U.S. Relations |journal=Policy Studies Journal |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=11–26|doi=10.1111/j.1541-0072.2000.tb02013.x }}</ref><ref name="Ahouie">Ahouie M (2004) [http://web.mit.edu/ISG/iaqfall04ahouie.htm Iran Analysis Quarterly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517104622/http://web.mit.edu/ISG/iaqfall04ahouie.htm |date=17 May 2020 }}, ''MIT''</ref><ref name="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmfaff/363/36310.htm Iran]</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Iraq|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/>
** {{flagcountry|Israel|size=23px}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/mear01_.html|title=www.lrb.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd76/76actg.htm|title=www.acronym.org.uk|access-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025443/http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd76/76actg.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectator.us/kazakhstan-struggle-central-asia/|title=Kazakhstan and the struggle over Central Asia|date=5 June 2019|website=Spectator USA|access-date=17 February 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126123718/https://spectator.us/kazakhstan-struggle-central-asia/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.insightturkey.com/articles/kazakhstans-middle-power-response-to-terrorism|title=Kazakhstan's Middle Power Response to Terrorism|first=Aidar Kurmashev, Dana Akhmedyanova, Houman Sadri, Akbota|last=Zholdasbekova|date=1 October 2018|journal=Insight Turkey|via=www.insightturkey.com}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Kuwait|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/>
** {{flagcountry|Malaysia|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Malaysia|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/malaysia/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ploughshares" /><ref name="Ping"/><ref name="Mace-Belanger">Mace G, Belanger L (1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=kZlDRD2vL6IC The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism] (p 153)</ref><ref>Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in ''Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War'', edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" />
** {{flagcountry|Pakistan|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Pakistan|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/pakistan/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Buzan2004">{{cite book|author=Barry Buzan|title=The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8|access-date=27 December 2011|year=2004|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-3374-9|pages=71, 99}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Philippines|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Philippines|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/philippines/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Asia-Pacific">Jonathan H. Ping [https://books.google.com/books?id=FGM1zEdCOmAC&dq=middle+power+philippines&pg=PA103 Middle Power Statecraft] (p 104)</ref>
**{{flagcountry|Qatar|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/|title=Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?|publisher=Public Diplomacy Magazine|last=Cooper|first=Andrew F.|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629211701/http://www.publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf|title=Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy|last=Kamrava|first=Mehran|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007183501/http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** {{nowrap|'''{{flagcountry|South Korea|size=23px}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} South Korea|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/south-korea/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Harris"/><ref name="Armstrong">Armstrong DF (1997) [http://sc.lib.muohio.edu/dissertations/AAI9728811/ South Korea's foreign policy in the post-Cold War era: A middle power perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720011332/http://sc.lib.muohio.edu/dissertations/AAI9728811/ |date=20 July 2011}}</ref><ref>[[Gilbert Rozman]], 'South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power's Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle', ''Pacific Review'', Vol. 20, No. 2 (2007), pp. 197-220.</ref><ref>Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security', in ''The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order'', edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24712289-7583,00.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912182114/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24712289-7583,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |work=The Australian |first=Greg |last=Sheridan |title=The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer |date=27 November 2008}}</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" />}}
** '''{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia|size=23px}}'''<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Sept_23/ai_92080737|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023220033/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Sept_23/ai_92080737|title=Kawaguchi asks Saudi Arabia to put pressure on Iraq Japan Policy & Politics |archive-date=23 October 2007|website=findarticles.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4349|title=Saudi Surprise|date=26 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826031056/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4349|archive-date=26 August 2004}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Singapore|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Singapore|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/singapore/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en|quote= Uneven economic impacts and recoveries from the pandemic will likely continue to alter the regional balance of power well into the decade. Only Taiwan, the United States and Singapore are now predicted to have larger economies in 2030 than originally forecast prior to the pandemic.}}</ref><ref name="FINLAND1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.isanet.org/Web/Conferences/CEEISA-ISA-LBJ2016/Archive/af8c46fb-30e2-4b6e-8aff-d4d36e0906dc.pdf|title=Middle Powers, Norms, and Balancing: ROK's and ASEAN's Normative Balancing against Rising China|publisher=[[Chung-Ang University]]|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=de Swielande |first1=Tanguy Struye |last2=Vandamme |first2=Dorothée |last3=Walton |first3=Dorothée |last4=Wilkins |first4=Thomas |editor-last=Peng Er |editor-first=Lam |title=Rethinking Middle Powers in the Asian Century: New Theories, New Cases |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2018 |chapter=Chapter 14: The Singapore paradox: The "little red dot" as a "middle power" |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs5wDwAAQBAJ&q=asian%20middle%20power&pg=PT347  |isbn=9780429873843}}</ref>
** 
** {{flagcountry|Taiwan|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Taiwan|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/taiwan/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en|quote= Uneven economic impacts and recoveries from the pandemic will likely continue to alter the regional balance of power well into the decade. Only Taiwan, the United States and Singapore are now predicted to have larger economies in 2030 than originally forecast prior to the pandemic.}}</ref><ref name="Asia-Pacific" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/taiwan-signals-its-readiness-to-join-the-worlds-democratic-powers-20160122-gmbk9b.html |access-date=10 January 2020 |work=the sydney morning herald |first=Bruce |last=Jacobs |title=Taiwan signals its readiness to join the world's democratic powers |date=22 January 2016}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Thailand|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Thailand|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/thailand/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Asia-Pacific" /><ref name = "MPATROC" />
** '''{{flagcountry|Turkey|size=23px}}'''<ref name="Cooper et al"/><ref>Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order', in ''Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War'', edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" />
** {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-uae-egypt%E2%80%99s-new-frontier-libya-11184|title=The UAE and Egypt's New Frontier in Libya|work=The National Interest|date=3 September 2014|access-date=26 October 2014|first=Ellen|last=Laipson}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gevans.org/speeches/speech441.html|title=Middle Power Diplomacy|first=Gareth|last=Evans|date=29 June 2011|access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Vietnam|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Vietnam|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/vietnam/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en|quote= "Three middle powers — Vietnam, Australia and Taiwan — were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020. When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia, the actions and choices of middle powers will become more consequential."}}</ref><ref name="balancing"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/middle-powers-joining-together-the-case-of-vietnam-and-australia/|title=Middle Powers, Joining Together: The Case of Vietnam and Australia}}</ref>
*'''Europe (19 countries)'''
** {{flagcountry|Austria|size=23px}}<ref name = "HCSSABalancingAct">{{cite web|url=https://www.hcss.nl/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/|title=A Balancing Act: The Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy|publisher=The Hague Center for Strategic Studies|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610112410/https://www.hcss.nl/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Wood"/><ref>{{cite book
 |last=Lauber
 |first=Volkmar
 |date=17 September 2019
|title=Contemporary Austrian Politics
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1U2wDwAAQBAJ&q=austria%20middle%20power&pg=PT150
 |publisher=[[Routledge]]
 |isbn=9780429720987
}}</ref><ref name = "MPATROC" /><ref name = "StuckInMiddleGear">{{cite book
 |last=Taylor
 |first=Ian
 |date=2001
 |title=Stuck in Middle GEAR: South Africa's Post-apartheid Foreign Relations
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tfjkiq0b7sC&q=romania+middle+power&pg=PA19
 |location=[[London]]
 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]
 |page= 19
 |isbn=9780275972752
}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Belgium|size=23px}}<ref name="Solomon" /><ref name="Inoguchi">Inoguchi K (2002) [http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122633/http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm |date=29 September 2007 |df=y}}</ref><ref name="Caplan">Caplan G (2006) [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article13601 From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned?], ''SudanTribune''</ref><ref name = "StuckInMiddleGear" />
** {{flagcountry|Bulgaria|size=23px}}<ref name = "WSITIS">{{cite book |last=I. Handel |first=Michael |date=1990 |title=Weak States in the International System |pages=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOELm3YduxQC&q=finland%20middle%20power&pg=PA28 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9780714640730}}</ref><ref name = "TurkishPolicyQuarterly">{{cite book
 |date=2005
 |title=Turkish Policy Quarterly, Volume 4
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TktAQAAIAAJ&q=romania+middle+power https://books.google.bg/books?id=1TktAQAAIAAJ&q=bulgaria+middle+power
 |location=[[Turkey]]
 |publisher=Big Art
}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Croatia|size=23px}}<ref name="Behringer" /><ref name="Pratt" />
** {{flagcountry|Czech Republic|size=23px}}<ref name = "CzechJournal" /><ref name = "HCSSABalancingAct" /><ref>{{cite journal
| last       = John
| first      = Ravenhill
| date       = 1988
| title      = Cycles of middle power activism: Constraint andchoice in Australian and Canadian foreign policies 
| url        = http://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Cycles-of-middle-power-activism-Constraint-and-choice-in-Australian-and-Canadian-foreign-policies.pdf
| journal    = Australian Journal of International Affairs
| volume     = 52
| issue      = 3
| pages      = 309–327
| doi        = 10.1080/10357719808445259
| access-date = 10 February 2020
}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Denmark|size=23px}}<ref name="Behringer"/><ref name="Pratt">Pratt C (1990) [http://mqup.mcgill.ca/book.php?bookid=930 Middle Power Internationalism], ''MQUP''</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Finland|size=23px}}<ref name="FINLAND1">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/7493871|title=The Concept of Middle Power |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |access-date=8 February 2020|last1=Schweller |first1=Randall }}</ref><ref name = "HCSSABalancingAct" /><ref name = "WSITIS">{{cite book |last=I. Handel |first=Michael |date=1990 |title=Weak States in the International System |pages=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOELm3YduxQC&q=finland%20middle%20power&pg=PA28 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9780714640730}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Greece|size=23px}}<ref name="Thanos-Veremēs">Thanos Veremēs (1997) [https://books.google.com/books?id=sn-yAAAAIAAJ The Military in greek Politics] "Black Rose Books"</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Hungary|size=23px}}<ref name="Higott-Cooper">Higgott RA, Cooper AF (1990) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2706854 Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building]</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Ireland|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Pratt
 |first=Cranford
 |date=1990
 |title=Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaLmKPmFnLgC&q=ireland+middle+power&pg=PA32
 |location=[[Montreal]]
 |publisher=[[McGill–Queen's University Press]]
 |page= 32
 |isbn=9780773507258
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 |last1=Tonra
 |first1=Ben
 |last2=Ward
 |first2=Eilís
 |date=2002
 |title=Ireland in International Affairs: Interests, Institutions and Identities
 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFicRmV_LcIC&q=ireland%20middle%20power&pg=PA20
 |chapter=Chapter 1: Ireland, Peacekeeping and Defence Policy: Challenges and Opportunities
 |editor1-last=Murphy
 |editor1-first=Ray
 |location=[[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland]]
 |publisher=[[Institute of Public Administration (Ireland)|Institute of Public Administration]]
 |pages= 20–21
 |isbn=9781902448763
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last         = Gillespie
| first        = Paul
| date         = 17 January 2015
| title        = Representing Ireland – multitasking in a multilateral world
| url          = https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/representing-ireland-multitasking-in-a-multilateral-world-1.2068867
| newspaper         = [[The Irish Times]]
| access-date  = 8 February 2020
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 |last=Ishizuka
 |first=Katsumi
 |date=23 April 2014
|title=Ireland and International Peacekeeping Operations 1960-2000
 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSxpAwAAQBAJ&q=ireland%20middle%20power&pg=PA136
 |chapter=Four: Ireland's peacekeeping policy in the post-Cold War era
 |publisher=[[Routledge]]
 |page= 136
 |isbn=9781135295264
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 |title=The Role of Middle Power–NGO Coalitions in Global Policy: The Case of the Cluster Munitions Ban
 |last1=Bolton
 |first1=Matthew
 |last2=Nash
 |first2=Thomas
 |journal=Global Policy
 |date=7 May 2010
|volume=1
 |issue=2
 |pages=172–184
 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]
 |doi=10.1111/j.1758-5899.2009.00015.x
 |doi-access=free
 }}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Netherlands|size=23px}}<ref name="Behringer" /><ref name="Pratt" />
** {{flagcountry|Norway|size=23px}}<ref name="Behringer" /><ref name="Pratt" />
** {{flagcountry|Poland|size=23px}}<ref name="Goad"/><ref name=spero/><ref name="Kirton">Kirton J (2006) [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton2006/kirton-harper-fp.pdf Harper's Foreign Policy Success?]</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Portugal|size=23px}}<ref name="balancing"/><ref name="Lacoste">according to Yves Lacoste, ''Géopolitique'', Larousse, 2009, p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas.</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Romania|size=23px}}<ref name = "HCSSABalancingAct" /><ref name="Wood"/><ref name = "WSITIS" /><ref name = "StuckInMiddleGear" /><ref name = "TurkishPolicyQuarterly">{{cite book
 |date=2005
 |title=Turkish Policy Quarterly, Volume 4
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TktAQAAIAAJ&q=romania+middle+power https://books.google.bg/books?id=1TktAQAAIAAJ&q=bulgaria+middle+power
 |location=[[Turkey]]
 |publisher=Big Art
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 |last=Wood
 |first=Bernald
 |date=1 June 1988
|title=The middle powers and the general interest
 |url=https://archive.org/details/middlepowersgene0000wood
 |url-access=registration
 |location=[[Ottawa]]
 |publisher=[[The North-South Institute]]
 |page= <!-- or pages= -->
 |isbn=9780920494813
}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Spain|size=23px}}<ref name="Lacoste"/>
** {{flagcountry|Sweden|size=23px}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers"/><ref name="Pratt" /><ref name="Rudengren-Gisle-Brann">Rudengren J, Gisle P, Brann K (1995) [http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/publications/multilateral/sweden.asp Middle Power Clout: Sweden And The Development Banks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422131920/http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/publications/multilateral/sweden.asp |date=22 April 2007 }}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html|title=South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership - Fairy God-mother, Hegemon or Partner? In Search of a South African Foreign Policy - Monograph No 13, 1997|date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426220103/http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html|archive-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Ukraine|size=23px}}<ref name = "TurkishPolicyQuarterly" /><ref name=spero>{{Cite book|title=Bridging the European Divide |last=Spero |first=Joshua |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780742535534 |page=206 }}</ref>
*'''Oceania (2 countries)'''
** '''{{flagcountry|Australia|size=23px}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} Australia|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/australia/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en|quote= "Three middle powers — Vietnam, Australia and Taiwan — were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020. When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia, the actions and choices of middle powers will become more consequential."}}</ref><ref name="Harris">Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. ''Far Eastern Economic Review'' Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'</ref><ref name="Adriansyah">Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', ''Asia Times'' (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'</ref><ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{Cite book|last=Buzan |first=Barry |title=The United States and the Great Powers |publisher=Polity Press |year=2004 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |page=71 |isbn=0-7456-3375-7}}</ref><ref name="Hazleton">Hazleton WA (2005) [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/1/2/0/p71207_index.html Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States] {{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''allacademic''</ref><ref name = "MPATROC">{{cite book
 |last1=Gilley
 |first1=Bruce
 |last2=O'Neil
 |first2=Andrew
 |date=8 July 2014
|title=Middle Powers and the Rise of China
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVQ7BAAAQBAJ&q=austria%20middle%20power&pg=PA30
 |publisher=[[Georgetown University|Georgetown University Press]]
 |page=30
 |isbn=9781626160842
}}</ref>
** {{flagcountry|New Zealand|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Power Index 2021 Edition {{!}} New Zealand|url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/new-zealand/|access-date=18 December 2021|website=power.lowyinstitute.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MPI"/>{{Div col end}}