Editing Mohawk language (section)

==Phonology==
{{IPA notice|section}}
The phoneme inventory of Mohawk is as follows (using the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]).

===Consonants===
A [[Linguistic typology|typologically]] uncommon feature of Mohawk (and Iroquoian) phonology is that there are no [[labial consonant|labials]] (m, p, b, f, v), except in a few adoptions from French and English, where {{IPA|[m]}} and {{IPA|[p]}} appear (e.g., {{lang|moh|mátsis}} "matches" and {{lang|moh|aplám}} "Abraham"); these sounds are late additions to Mohawk phonology and were introduced after widespread European contact.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Mohawk Consonants
!
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|n}}
| || ||
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA link|t}} ({{IPA link|d}})
|
| {{IPA link|k}} ({{IPA link|ɡ}})
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| ||
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA link|s}} ({{IPA link|z}})
| ||
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|l}} / {{IPA link|r}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|}

====Consonant clusters====
The Central ({{lang|moh|Ahkwesáhsne}}) dialect has the following consonant clusters. 
All clusters can occur word-medially; those on a tinted background can also occur word-initially.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1st↓ · 2nd→ !! t !! k !! s !! h !! l !! n !! d͡ʒ !! j !! w
|-
! t
| tt || style="background:#FFDFBF"| tk
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| ts
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| th || || || || ||
|-
! k
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| kt
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| kk
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| ks
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| kh || || || || || kw
|-
! ʔ
| ʔt || ʔk || ʔs || || ʔl || ʔn || ʔd͡ʒ || ʔj || ʔw
|-
! s
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| st
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| sk || ss
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| sh
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| sl
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| sn ||
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| sj
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| sw
|-
! h
| ht || hk || hs ||
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| hl || hn || hd͡ʒ || hj || hw
|-
! l
| || || || lh || || || || lj ||
|-
! n
| || || || nh || nl || ||
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| nj ||
|-
! d͡ʒ
| || || || || || ||
| style="background:#FFDFBF"| d͡ʒj ||
|-
! w
| || || || wh || || || || ||
|}

Note that /th/ and /sh/ are pronounced individually in consonant clusters, ''not'' single sounds like in English ⟨th⟩ and ⟨sh⟩ in ''thing'' and ''she''.

====Consonant voicing====
The consonants {{IPA|/k/, /t/}} and the clusters {{IPA|/ts kw/}} are pronounced voiced before any voiced sound (i.e. a vowel or {{IPA|/j/}}). They are voiceless at the end of a word or before a voiceless sound. {{IPA|/s/}} is voiced word initially and between vowels.

:{{lang|moh|kà꞉sere}} {{IPA|[ˈɡǎːzɛrɛ]}} "car"
:{{lang|moh|thí꞉ken}} {{IPA|[ˈthǐːɡʌ̃]}} "that"
:{{lang|moh|shé꞉kon}} {{IPA|[ˈshɛ̌ːɡũ]}} "still"

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}
|
|{{IPA link|ũ}} {{IPA link|ũː}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|eː}}
|{{IPA link|ʌ̃}} {{IPA link|ʌ̃ː}}
|{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Low]]
|
|{{IPA link|a|}} {{IPA link|aː}}
|
|}

Mohawk has oral and [[Nasal vowel|nasalized vowels]]; four vowel qualities occur in oral [[phoneme]]s {{IPA|/i e a o/}}, and two only occur as nasalized vowels ({{IPA|/ʌ̃ ũ/}}). Vowels can be long or short.

===[[Suprasegmental]]s===
==== Stress, length, and tone ====
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2023}}
Mohawk words have both stress and [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]], and it can be classified as a restricted tone system (aka [[Pitch-accent language|pitch-accent]] system). [[Stress (linguistics)|Stressed]] vowels carry one of four tonal configurations, two of which are [[Tone contour|contour tones]]: high, low, rising and falling tones. Contour tones only occur in syllables with long vowels.
*High tone usually appears in closed syllables containing a short vowel, or before {{IPA|/h/}}. It is written with an acute accent: {{lang|moh|káhi}} {{IPA|/ˈkáhi/}} {{gloss|fruit}}, {{lang|moh|oháha}} {{IPA|/oˈháha/}} {{gloss|road}}.
*Rising tone generally occurs in open syllables. It is written with a combination acute accent and colon: {{lang|moh|kaná꞉ta}} /kaˈnáːta/ {{gloss|town}}, {{lang|moh|rón꞉kwe}} /ˈrṹːkwe/ {{gloss|man}}. Notice that when it is one of the nasal vowels which is long, the colon appears after the {{angbr|n}}.
*Long-falling tone is the result of the word stress falling on a vowel which comes before a {{IPA|/ʔ/}} or {{IPA|/h/}} + a consonant (there may be, of course, exceptions to this and other rules). The underlying {{IPA|/ʔ/}} or {{IPA|/h/}} reappears when stress is placed elsewhere. It is written with a grave accent and colon: {{lang|moh|onekwèn꞉ta}} {{IPA|/oneˈkwʌ̃̂ːta/}} {{gloss|stomach}}.