Editing Monocoque (section)

===Two-wheeled vehicles===
French industrialist and engineer Georges Roy attempted in the 1920s to improve on the bicycle-inspired [[motorcycle]] frames of the day, which lacked rigidity. This limited their handling and therefore performance. He applied for a patent in 1926, and at the 1929 Paris Automotive Show unveiled his new motorcycle, the Art-Deco styled 1930 Majestic. Its new type of monocoque body solved the problems he had addressed, and along with better rigidity it did double-duty, as frame and bodywork provided some protection from the elements. Strictly considered, it was more of a semi-monocoque, as it used a box-section, pressed-steel frame with twin side rails riveted together via crossmembers, along with floor pans and rear and front bulkheads.<ref name=french />

A [[Piatti scooter|Piatti]] light [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] was produced in the 1950s using a monocoque hollow shell of sheet-steel pressings welded together, into which the engine and transmission were installed from underneath.[[File:Yamaha 1962 MF1 copy.jpg|thumb|Yamaha MF-1]] The machine could be tipped onto its side, resting on the bolt-on footboards for mechanical access.<ref>''[[The Motor Cycle (magazine)|The Motor Cycle]]'', two-page road test, 7 March 1957, pp.298-299. Accessed 15 June 2019</ref>

[[File:OSSA 250cc Monohull 1968 Santi Herrero c.JPG|thumb|1968 Ossa 250&nbsp;cc Grand Prix racer]]
A monocoque framed [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] was produced by [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] from 1960–1962. Model MF-1 was powered by a 50&nbsp;cc engine with a three-speed transmission and a fuel tank incorporated into the frame.<ref>[https://global.yamaha-motor.com/showroom/cp/collection/mf-1/ 1960 MF-1] yamaha-motor.com Retrieved 23 March 2021</ref>

A monocoque-framed motorcycle was developed by Spanish manufacturer [[Ossa (motorcycle)|Ossa]] for the [[1967 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season]].<ref name="Santiago Herrero – Spanish Flyer">{{cite journal |title=Santiago Herrero – Spanish Flyer |last=Robinson |first=James |issue=91 |pages=35–40 |date=September 2001 |journal=Classic Racer|issn=1470-4463}}</ref> Although the single-cylinder Ossa had {{convert|20|hp|kW}} less than its rivals, it was {{convert|45|lb}} lighter and its monocoque frame was much stiffer than conventional [[motorcycle frame]]s, giving it superior agility on the racetrack.<ref name="Santiago Herrero – Spanish Flyer" /> Ossa won four Grands Prix races with the monocoque bike before their rider died after a crash during the 250&nbsp;cc event at the [[1970 Isle of Man TT]], causing the Ossa factory to withdraw from [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] competition.<ref name="Santiago Herrero – Spanish Flyer" />

Notable designers such as Eric Offenstadt and Dan Hanebrink created unique monocoque designs for racing in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forix.autosport.com/8w/offenstadt.html |title=8W – Who? – Eric Offenstadt |publisher=Forix.autosport.com |access-date=2010-10-20}}</ref> The [[Formula 750|F750]] event at the [[1973 Isle of Man TT]] races was won by [[Peter Williams (motorcyclist)|Peter Williams]] on the monocoque-framed John Player Special that he helped to design based on [[Norton Commando]].<ref>[https://www.iomtt.com/tt-database/events/races?meet_code=TT73&race_seq=9 F750 race result] iomtt.com. Retrieved 27 December 2019</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/features/122_0801_motorcycle_chassis_technology/index.html |title=Motorcycle Technology – Future Perfect – Up To Speed |publisher=motorcyclistonline.com |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> [[Honda]] also experimented with the [[NR500]], a monocoque Grand Prix racing motorcycle in [[1979 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1979]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1979grandprix/text/07.html |title=The Unconventional: Adopting a "Shrimp Shell" Frame |work=Challenging Spirits of Honda |publisher=Honda Motor Co., Ltd |access-date=2009-12-26}}</ref> The bike had other innovative features, including an engine with oval shaped cylinders, and eventually succumbed to the problems associated with attempting to develop too many new technologies at once. In 1987 [[John Britten]] developed the Aero-D One, featuring a composite monocoque chassis that weighed only {{convert|12|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britten.co.nz/history/aerobike.html |title=The Aero Bike |publisher=Britten Motorcycle Company |access-date=2009-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615052801/http://www.britten.co.nz/history/aerobike.html |archive-date=2009-06-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

An aluminium monocoque frame was used for the first time on a mass-produced motorcycle from 2000 on Kawasaki's [[Kawasaki Ninja ZX-12R|ZX-12R]],<ref name=frame>{{cite web|url=https://www.kawasaki-cp.khi.co.jp/technology/chassis/tech_monocoque_e.html//|title=Kawasaki Technology|publisher=[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries Motorcycle & Engine]]|access-date=December 18, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112185328/http://www.kawasaki-cp.khi.co.jp/technology/chassis/tech_monocoque_e.html|archive-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> their flagship production sportbike aimed at being the [[fastest production motorcycle]]. It was described by ''[[Cycle World]]'' in 2000 as a "monocoque backbone ... a single large diameter beam" and "Fabricated from a combination of castings and sheet-metal stampings".<ref name=first>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igONw5YZvEUC&q=kawasaki+ZX-12&pg=RA11-PA8-IA26 |last=Anderson |first=Steve |title=MEAN GREENIES|magazine=[[Cycle World]]|access-date= 27 December 2019 |date=January 2000 |page=34}}</ref>

Single-piece [[carbon fiber]] [[bicycle frame]]s are sometimes described as monocoques; however as most use components to form a frame structure (even if molded in a single piece),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velocite-bikes.com/carbon-fiber.html?sl=EN|title=Carbon Fiber|access-date=February 16, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224095756/http://www.velocite-bikes.com/carbon-fiber.html?sl=EN|archive-date=February 24, 2013}}, Velocite-bikes.com</ref> these are frames not monocoques, and the pedal-cycle industry continues to refer to them as framesets.