Editing Muhammad (section)

=== Early life ===
{{See also|Mawlid|Family tree of Muhammad}}
{{Muhammad timeline in Mecca}}
[[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_223b.jpg|thumb|The birth of Muhammad in the 16th-century {{tlit|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}}]]
Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad Muhammad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209125352/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad|date=9 February 2017}} [[Encyclopedia Britannica]]. Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> was born in [[Mecca]]{{sfn|Rodinson|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Conrad|1987}} {{circa|570|lk=no}},{{sfn|Conrad|1987}} and [[Mawlid|his birthday]] is believed to be in the month of [[Rabi' al-Awwal]].{{sfn|Esposito|2003}} He belonged to the [[Banu Hashim]] clan of the [[Quraysh]] tribe, which was a dominant force in western Arabia.{{sfn|Robin|2012|pp=286–287}} While his clan was one of the more distinguished in the tribe, it seems to have experienced a lack of prosperity during his early years.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{efn|See also {{qref|43|31|b=y}} cited in EoI; Muhammad.}}
According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad was a {{tlit|ar|[[hanif]]}}, someone who professed [[monotheism]] in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: The Basics |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |isbn=9780415341066 |volume=1 |page=16}}</ref> He is also claimed to have been a descendant of [[Ishmael]], son of [[Abraham]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Louis|last=Jacobs|date=1995|page=272|title=The Jewish Religion: A Companion|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishreligionco0000jaco|isbn=9780198264637|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

The name Muhammad means "praiseworthy" in Arabic and it appears four times in the [[Quran]].<ref>Jean-Louis Déclais, ''Names of the Prophet'', [[Encyclopedia of the Quran]].</ref> He was also known as "al-Amin" ({{literal translation|faithful}}) when he was young; however, historians differ as to whether it was given by people as a reflection of his nature{{sfn|Esposito|1998|p=6}} or was simply a given name from his parents, i.e., a masculine form of his mother's name "Amina".{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=361}} Muhammad acquired the {{tlit|ar|[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]}} of Abu al-Qasim later in his life after the birth of his son Qasim, who died two years afterwards.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=51}}

Islamic tradition states that Muhammad's birth year coincided with the [[Year of the Elephant]], when [[Abraha]], the [[Aksumite]] viceroy in the former [[Himyarite Kingdom]], unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Mecca.<ref>Marr J. S., Hubbard E., Cathey J. T. 2014: The Year of the Elephant. <!-- figshare. -->
{{doi|10.6084/m9.figshare.1186833}}
Retrieved 21 October 2014 (GMT).</ref> Recent studies, however, challenge this notion, as other evidence suggests that the expedition, if it had occurred, would have transpired substantially before Muhammad's birth.<ref>See:
*{{harvnb|Conrad|1987}}
*{{harvnb|Reynolds|2023|p=16}}
*{{harvnb|Johnson|2015|p=286}}
*{{harvnb|Peters|2010|p=61}}
*{{harvnb|Muesse|2018|p=213}}
*{{harvnb|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=361}}</ref> Later Muslim scholars presumably linked Abraha's renowned name to the narrative of Muhammad's birth to elucidate the unclear passage about "the men of elephants" in Quran 105:1–5.{{sfn|Reynolds|2023|p=16}}{{sfn|Gibb et al.|1986|p=102}} ''The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity'' deems the tale of Abraha's war elephant expedition as a myth.{{sfn|Johnson|2015|p=286}}

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Muhammad's father, [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abdullah]], died almost six months before he was born.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meri |first=Josef W. |author-link=Josef W. Meri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC |title=Medieval Islamic civilization |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-96690-0 |volume=1 |page=525 |access-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> Muhammad then stayed with his foster mother, [[Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb]], and her husband until he was two years old. At the age of six, Muhammad lost his biological mother [[Amina]] to illness and became an orphan.{{sfn|Watt|1971}}{{sfn|Watt|1960}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=38, 41–43}} For the next two years, until he was eight years old, Muhammad was under the guardianship of his paternal grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib]], until the latter's death. He then came under the care of his uncle, [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]],{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=7}} the new leader of the Banu Hashim.{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=7}} Abu Talib's brothers assisted with Muhammad's learning{{snd}}[[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]], the youngest, trained Muhammad in [[archery]], [[swordsmanship]], and [[martial arts]]. Another uncle, [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]], provided Muhammad with a job leading [[Caravan (travellers)|caravans]] on the northern segment of the route to Syria.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=18|loc=Chapter One: Mecca}}

The historical record of Mecca during Muhammad's early life is limited and fragmentary, making it difficult to distinguish between fact and legend.{{sfn|Watt|1961|p=8}} Several Islamic narratives relate that Muhammad, as a child, went on a trading trip to Syria with his uncle Abu Talib and met a monk named [[Bahira]], who is said to have then foretold his prophethood.{{sfn|Roggema|2008|pp=38–46}} There are multiple versions of the story with details that contradict each other.{{sfn|Roggema|2008|p=46}} All accounts of Bahira and his meeting with Muhammad have been considered fictitious by modern historians<ref>See:
*{{harvnb|Roggema|2008|p=52}}
*{{harvnb|Gabriel|2007|p=56}}
*{{harvnb|Watt|1961|p=9}}
*{{harvnb|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=362}}
*{{harvnb|Anthony|2020|p=73}}</ref> as well as by some medieval Muslim scholars such as [[al-Dhahabi]].{{sfn|Anthony|2020|p=73}}

Sometime later in his life, Muhammad proposed marriage to his cousin and first love, [[Fakhitah bint Abi Talib]]. But likely owing to his poverty, his proposal was rejected by her father, Abu Talib, who chose a more illustrious suitor.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=49}}{{sfn|Brown|2011|p=100}} When Muhammad was 25, his fortunes turned around; his business reputation caught the attention of his 40-year-old distant relative [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], a wealthy businesswoman who had staked out a successful career as a merchant in the caravan trade industry. She asked him to take one of her caravans into Syria, after which she was so impressed by his competence in the expedition that she proposed marriage to him; Muhammad accepted her offer and remained monogamous with her until her death.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=20|loc=Chapter One: Mecca}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|pp=50, 55}}{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=362}}

<div class="depiction">[[File:Mohammed kaaba 1315.jpg|thumb|left|Miniature from [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani]]'s {{tlit|ar|[[Jami al-Tawarikh]]}}, {{circa|lk=no|1315}}, illustrating the story of Muhammad's role in re-setting the [[Black Stone]] in 605 ([[Ilkhanate]] period)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Wijdan |author-link=Wijdan Ali |date=August 1999 |title=From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art |url=http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/pdf4/07Ali.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art |page=3 |issn=0928-6802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041203232347/http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/anpt/ejos/pdf4/07Ali.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2004 |number=7}}</ref>]]</div>

In 605, the Quraysh decided to roof the [[Kaaba]], which had previously consisted only of walls. A complete rebuild was needed to accommodate the new weight. Amid concerns about upsetting the deities, a man stepped forth with a pickaxe and exclaimed, "O goddess! Fear not! Our intentions are only for the best." With that, he began demolishing it. The anxious Meccans awaited divine retribution overnight, but his unharmed continuation the next day was seen as a sign of heavenly approval. According to a narrative collected by [[Ibn Ishaq]], when it was time to reattach the [[Black Stone]], a dispute arose over which clan should have the privilege. It was determined that the first person to step into the Kaaba's court would arbitrate. Muhammad took on this role, asking for a cloak. He placed the stone on it, guiding clan representatives to jointly elevate it to its position. He then personally secured it within the wall.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|pp=79-81}}{{sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990|p=319}}