Editing Negative campaigning (section)

===United States===
In [[United States politics]], negative campaigning has been called{{who|date=June 2019}} "as [[American way of life|American]] as Mississippi mud" and "as American as apple pie".<ref>{{Cite book|title = The modern presidential campaign: Mudslinging, bombast, and the vitality of American politics|last = Scher|first = R. K.|publisher = M. E. Sharpe|year = 1997|location = New York|pages = 27}}</ref> Some research suggests negative campaigning is the norm in all political venues, mitigated only by the dynamics of a particular contest.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/seminars/russian5.pdf|title=The Rational Attacker in Russia? Negative Campaigning in Russian Presidential Elections|doi=10.1111/1468-2508.00117|jstor=2691664|author1=Lee Sigelman|author2=Eric Shiraev|journal=The Journal of Politics|year=2002|volume=64|issue=1|pages=45–62|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.7080|s2cid=154960655}}</ref> [[Lee Atwater]], best known for being an advisor to presidents [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H. W. Bush]], also pioneered many negative campaign techniques seen in political campaigns today.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/20/opinion/20sat3.html | work=The New York Times | title=The Political Legacy of Baaad Boy Atwater | first=Eleanor | last=Randolph | date=September 20, 2008 | access-date=May 20, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Daisy (1964).webm|thumb|250px|thumbtime=3|"Daisy" advertisement]]
* 1828: The [[Coffin Handbills]] used by supporters of [[John Quincy Adams]] against [[Andrew Jackson]] in the [[1828 United States presidential election|1828 presidential campaign]]. 
* 1934: Unethical campaign tactics were used against [[Upton Sinclair]] in the California gubernatorial election.<ref>Mitchell, Greg. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/movies/mank-upton-sinclair.html ‘Mank’ and Politics: What Really Happened in 1934 California]. New York Times, December 7, 2020.</ref>
* 1936: The first radio advertising using negative campaigning came from the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in 1936.<ref>{{cite web | last=Edelstein | first=Rob | title=Timeline & Fun Facts | website=Broadcasting + Cable | date=2011-11-21 | url=https://www.nexttv.com/news/timeline-fun-facts-112619}}</ref>
* 1964: The [[Daisy ad]] used by [[Lyndon Johnson]] against [[Barry Goldwater]] in the [[1964 United States presidential election]]
* 2008: [[Hillary Clinton]]'s "3 a.m. phone call" ad questioning the [[crisis management]] abilities of her opponent, [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jfuinsurance.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202005533/http://www.jfuinsurance.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 2, 2007 |title=3 a.m. ad |access-date=March 13, 2008 }}</ref>
* 2008: [[Elizabeth Dole]]'s ad against Democratic challenger [[Kay Hagan]] in her [[United States Senate election in North Carolina, 2008|2008 Senate re-election campaign]], where Hagan was said to be "Godless", as an attack to the lack of religious piety of her opponent. The ad backfired, as it sharply reduced support for Dole.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pollster: 'Godless' Ad Hurt Dole |url=http://www.drudge.com/archive/114871/pollster-godless-ad-hurt-dole |publisher=The Drudge Report |access-date=3 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716191435/http://www.drudge.com/archive/114871/pollster-godless-ad-hurt-dole |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref> Dole was defeated by Hagan in the election.
* 2012–present: [[List of nicknames used by Donald Trump|Nicknames used by Donald Trump]] before, during, and after his presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=16 people President Trump has nicknamed |url=https://www.tmj4.com/news/16-people-president-trump-has-nicknamed |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=TMJ4 News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Ledyard |title=Riots. Radicalism. Corruption. Trump and Biden supporters turn to apocalyptic themes in campaign ad wars. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/08/01/trump-biden-ad-wars-candidates-apocalyptic-messages/5443313002/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2014: [[Justin Amash]] was smeared as "[[Al-Qaeda]]'s best friend in Congress" by his primary opponent Brian Ellis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2014/08/justin-amash-al-qaeda-brian-ellis|title=GOP Rebel Justin Amash Just Beat a Guy Who Called Him "Al Qaeda's Best Friend"}}</ref>