Editing Negative pulldown (section)

===3-perf===
{{main|Super 35}}
In the early 1980s, Swedish cinematographer [[Rune Ericson]] collaborated with [[Panavision]] on the concept of creating a 3-perf mechanism for motion picture cameras.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=person&itemid=61955 |title=Rune Ericson biography |website=The Swedish Film Database |access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref> The 3-perf system, achieved by altering the camera gate and shutter mechanism, reduces film wastage by using frames that are 3 perforations high instead of the standard 4-perforations. <ref>This sentence has been corrected from its original version 'This results in an aspect ratio of approximately 1.78:1, which closely aligns with the widescreen television aspect ratio of 1.85:1' If correction shouldn't have happened, please re-edit and remove this, if it is correct and rightly happened, please remove this</ref> This results in an aspect ratio of approximately 1.85:1, which closely aligns with the widescreen television aspect ratio of 1.78:1, thereby minimizing image loss outside this aspect ratio. Due to the smaller frame size, the camera operates about 25% slower, leading to a 25% reduction in film stock usage. Additionally, the camera operates more quietly because less film passes through the mechanism per frame. The [[Super 35]] variant of 3-perf also provides a larger negative area, which can help offset the increase in grain when using higher-speed film stocks.

In the late 1990s, cinematographer [[Vittorio Storaro]] proposed a film standard known as [[Univisium]] (also called Univision), which advocated for 3-perf Super 35 to create a 2.00:1 aspect ratio.