Editing Net neutrality (section)

===Dumb pipe===
The term ''[[dumb pipe]]'' was coined in the early 1990s and refers to water pipes used in a city water supply system. In theory, these pipes provide a steady and reliable source of water to every household without discrimination. In other words, it connects the user with the source without any intelligence or decrement. Similarly, a ''dumb network'' is a network with little or no control or management of its use patterns.<ref>L.DE MUYTER, Y. DESMEDT, "Net Neutrality-from Catch-all to Catch-22" (2012) in A. STROWEL, Net Neutrality in Europe/ La neutralité de l'InternetInternet en Europe, Bruylant, Brussels, 2013, p.57</ref>

Experts in the [[High tech|high-technology field]] will often compare the dumb pipe concept with [[smart pipe]]s and debate which one is best applied to a certain portion of Internet policy. These conversations usually refer to these two concepts as being analogous to the concepts of open and closed Internet respectively. As such, certain models have been made that aim to outline four layers of the Internet with the understanding of the dumb pipe theory:<ref name="Thierer">Thierer, Adam. (2006) Are "Dumb Pipe" Mandates Smart Public Policy? Vertical Integration, Net Neutrality, and the Network Layers Model. In: Lenard T.M., May R.J. (eds) Net Neutrality or Net Neutering: Should Broadband Internet Services be Regulated. Springer, Boston, MA</ref>
* Content Layer: Contains services such as communication as well as entertainment videos and music.
* Applications Layer: Contains services such as e-mail and web browsers.
* Logical Layer (also called the Code Layer): Contains various Internet protocols such as [[TCP/IP]] and [[HTTP]].
* Physical Layer: Consists of services that provide all others such as cable or wireless connections.