Editing Ningbo (section)

=== Qing dynasty ===
[[File:Map of Ningbo in 19th century .jpg|thumb|right|19th century map of Ningbo<ref name="Hagras 102" />]]
Ningbo was one of the five Chinese ''[[treaty ports]]'' opened by the [[Treaty of Nanjing]] signed in 1842 at the end of the [[First Opium War]] between the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] and China. During the war, British forces briefly took possession of the walled city of Ningbo after storming the fortified town of [[Zhenhai District|Zhenhai]] at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841. The British subsequently repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in the [[Battle of Ningpo]] on 10 March 1842. In 1861, the forces of the [[Taiping Kingdom]] took the city relatively unopposed as the defending garrison and all Ningbo residents fled except for the [[Jews]] and [[Persians]]; they held the town for six months. In March 1885, during the [[Sino-French War]], Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with the shore defenses.

Ningbo was also once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production, and western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry.<ref>
{{cite book|title=appleton's new practical cyclopedia |year=1910 |page=432}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Appleton's new practical cyclopedia: a new work of reference based upon the best authorities, and systematically arranged for use in home and school |volume=4 of Appleton's New Practical Cyclopedia |year=1910 |editor1=Marcus Benjamin |editor2=Arthur Elmore Bostwick |editor3=Gerald Van Casteel |editor4=George Jotham Hagar |publisher=D. Appleton and company |page=432}}</ref>

During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It was dubbed "[[The Ningpo Massacre]]" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.

During the late Qing era, Western missionaries set up a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]] in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Home and foreign record of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Volume 18|year=1867 |author=Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication |page=140}}</ref> The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, and three of them had Taotai rank.<ref>{{cite book |title=New-York observer, Volume 83 |date=27 April 1905 |publisher=Morse, Hallock & Co. |page=533}}</ref> Rev. George Evans Moule, B.A., was appointed as a missionary to China by the [[Church of England Missionary Society]], and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in the [[Ningbo dialect]].<ref>
{{cite book |title=Memorials of Protestant missionaries to the Chinese: giving a list of their publications, and obituary notices of the deceased. With copious indexes | year=1867 |author=Alexander Wylie |publisher=American Presbyterian Mission Press |page= 247}}</ref>