Editing Old Calendarists (section)

==== Greece ====
[[File:Cross_of_Athens_(1925).jpg|thumb|Apparition of the Holy Cross over the Greek Old Calendarist [[Monastery]] of St. John the Theologian in [[Hymettus]], in 1925.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Speake|first=Graham|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ockEAAAQBAJ&dq=Holy+Cross+Monastery+of+St.+John+the+Theologian+old+calendarist&pg=PA1170|title=Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition|date=2021-01-31|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94206-9|page=1170|language=en|chapter=Old Calendarists}}</ref> [[Artist's rendition]] in a newspaper at the time.]]
In 1924, the [[Church of Greece]] adopted the [[Revised Julian calendar]], also called 'New calendar'. "At first, resistance to the New Calendar was muted". The Old Calendarists in Greece were at first a small number of laymen, priests and monks, whose number grew over the years.<ref name=":12" />''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Ware|first=Kallistos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-71s8jEHWJsC|title=Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-1-85065-705-7|editor-last=Clogg|editor-first=Richard|pages=1–2, 10–12|chapter=Old Calendarists}}</ref>''

Before they were joined by bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Greece was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which "several hundreds monks from [[Monastic community of Mount Athos|Athos]]"<!--This part is present twice in the article: it is on purpose, see the source.-->.<ref name=":12" />

In 1935, three bishops of the Church of Greece joined the movement and consecrated four new bishops for the movement.''<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":12"/>'' Of those three bishops, [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] {{Interlanguage link|Chrysostomos (Kavourides)|ru|Хризостом (Кавуридис)}} of [[Florina]] became the leader of the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Of the three bishops who had joined, Chrysostom of Zakynthos soon left the movement after the consecration and went back to the Church of Greece. Of the four bishops consecrated, two joined the Church of Greece. This left the Greek Old Calendarist movement with four bishops: Chrysostomos of Florina, Germanos of Demetria, Germanos of the Cyclades, and Matthew (Karpoudakis) of Vrestheni. Those remaining four bishops created an Old Calendarist [[Holy Synod]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite book|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584|title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity|date=2017-09-01|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken|location=Oxford, UK|pages=353–6|language=en|chapter=Old Calendarists|doi=10.1002/9781405166584|orig-date=1999|editor-last2=Melling|editor-first2=David J.|editor-last3=Brady|editor-first3=Dimitri|editor-last4=Griffith|editor-first4=Sidney H.|editor-last5=Healey|editor-first5=John F.}}</ref>

While the Greek Old Calendarists were "[o]riginally perhaps a million strong", they were severely [[Religious persecution|persecuted]] by the [[Greece|State of Greece]]; Metropolitan Chrysostomos was imprisoned in [[Lesbos]] in 1951 as part of those persecutions.<ref name=":122" />
===== Splits =====
[[File:Timeline of the main Old Calendarists and True Orthodox Greek Eastern Orthodox Churches (2021).svg|thumb|Timeline of the main Greek Old Calendarist churches until 2021.]]
The Greek Old Calendarists experienced schism in 1937, due to a disagreement on the validity of the [[sacraments]] performed by members of churches which have adopted the [[Revised Julian calendar|reformed calendar]].<ref name=":12" /> After Chrysostomos, head of the Holy Synod, refused to declare the sacraments of the [[New Calendarists]] as [[Grace in Christianity|graceless]], bishop Matthew led the group which seceded from the Holy Synod.<ref name=":122" />

After this, Matthew ordained a number of bishops himself, and formed a separate Holy Synod of which he was the head as archbishop of Athens. Matthew died in 1950.<ref name=":122" />

After Chrysostomos' death in 1955, his group had no bishop until 1960, when two bishops of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia]] (ROCOR) consecrated {{Interlanguage link|Akakios (Pappas senior)|lt=Akakios|ru|Акакий (Паппас-старший)}} archbishop. Akakios consecrated other bishops with the participation of another different ROCOR bishop. Akakios was succeeded by {{Interlanguage link|Auxentios (Pastras)|lt=Auxentios|ru|Авксентий (Пастрас)}}. Under Auxentios, "complicated patterns of division and realignment occurred both within his own jurisdiction and among the followers of Archbishop Matthew". Due to this, in 1999 there were at least five different Greek Old Calendarist churches, each headed by a different archbishop of Athens. Additionally, there was also a [[Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance)|'Cyprianite' Greek Old Calendarist Church]], whose adjective derives from its leader, bishop [[Kyprianos Koutsoumpas|Cyprian of Oropos and Phyli]].<ref name=":122" />

In 1971, the ROCOR tried to unite the factions of Greek Old Calendarists, but failed. In 1999, the most important groups of Greek Old Calendarists were the Chrysostomites, the Matthewites, and the Cyprianites.<ref name=":12" />