Editing Ostracod (section)

==Distribution==
Ecologically, marine ostracods can be part of the [[zooplankton]] or (most commonly) are part of the [[benthos]], living on or inside the upper layer of the sea floor. Ostracods has been found as deep as 9,307 m (genus Krithe in family [[Krithidae]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brandão |first1=Simone N. |last2=Hoppema |first2=Mario |last3=Kamenev |first3=Gennady M. |last4=Karanovic |first4=Ivana |last5=Riehl |first5=Torben |last6=Tanaka |first6=Hayato |last7=Vital |first7=Helenice |last8=Yoo |first8=Hyunsu |last9=Brandt |first9=Angelika |title=Review of Ostracoda (Crustacea) living below the Carbonate Compensation Depth and the deepest record of a calcified ostracod |journal=Progress in Oceanography |date=November 2019 |volume=178 |pages=102144 |doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102144 |bibcode=2019PrOce.17802144B }}</ref> Subclass Myodocopa and the two podocop orders Palaeocopida and Platycopida are restricted to marine environments (except for Platycopida which have a few brackish species),<ref>[https://ns-zooplankton.linnaeus.naturalis.nl/linnaeus_ng/app/views/species/taxon.php?id=131459&epi=210 Zooplankton and Micronekton of the North Sea 2.0 – Ordo Platycopida]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Horne |first1=David J. |title=Key Events in the Ecological Radiation of the Ostracoda |journal=The Paleontological Society Papers |date=November 2003 |volume=9 |pages=181–202 |doi=10.1017/S1089332600002205 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News from mid-Cretaceous 'Burmese Amber' |url=https://fgga.univie.ac.at/news/news-views/detailansicht/news/news-from-mid-cretaceous-burmese-amber-1/ |website=fgga.univie.ac.at |language=de}}</ref> but we find non-marine forms in the four superfamilies Terrestricytheroidea, Cypridoidea, Darwinuloidea, and Cytheroidea in the order [[Podocopida]]. Terrestricytheroidea is semi-terrestrial and usually found in brackish and marine-influenced environments such as salt marshes, but not in freshwater.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LB-OAwAAQBAJ&dq=terrestricytheroidea+terrestrial+salt+marshes&pg=PA759 Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates: Ecology and General Biology]</ref> The other three superfamilies also live in freshwater (Darwinuloidea is exclusively non-marine).<ref>[http://evolbiol.ru/docs/docs/large_files/lost_sex.pdf Lost Sex]</ref><ref>[https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1260 Seed Shrimp, Mussel Shrimp (Freshwater Ostracods) scientific name: (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Podocopa)]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jeffery |first1=Nicholas W |last2=Ellis |first2=Emily A |last3=Oakley |first3=Todd H |last4=Gregory |first4=T Ryan |title=The Genome Sizes of Ostracod Crustaceans Correlate with Body Size and Evolutionary History, but not Environment |journal=Journal of Heredity |date=September 2017 |volume=108 |issue=6 |pages=701–706 |doi=10.1093/jhered/esx055 |pmid=28595313 }}</ref> Of these three, only Cypridoidea have freshwater species able to swim.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PgFQCwAAQBAJ&dq=Nonswimmers+darwinulids+cytherids&pg=PA633 Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates, Volume 5: Keys to Neotropical and Antarctic Fauna]</ref> Representatives living in terrestrial habitats are also found in all three freshwater groups,<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=3428786 | year=2012 | last1=Karanovic | first1=I. | last2=Eberhard | first2=S. | last3=Perina | first3=G. | title=''Austromesocypris bluffensis'' sp. n. (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cypridoidea, Scottiinae) from subterranean aquatic habitats in Tasmania, with a key to world species of the subfamily | journal=ZooKeys | issue=215 | pages=1–31 | doi=10.3897/zookeys.215.2987 | pmid=22936868 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2012ZooK..215....1K }}</ref> such as genus ''[[Mesocypris]]'' which is known from humid forest soils of [[South Africa]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio11Tuat02-t1-body-d1.html |journal=[[Tuatara (journal)|Tuatara]] |volume=11 |issue=2|year=1963 |title=The Terrestrial Plankton |author=J. D. Stout |pages=57–65}}</ref>

As of 2008, around 2000 species and 200 genera of non-marine ostracods are found.<ref name=Martens08>{{cite journal |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=595 |issue=1|year=2008|title=Global diversity of ostracods (Ostracoda, Crustacea) in freshwater |author1=K. Martens |author2=I. Schon |author3=C. Meisch |author4=D. J. Horne |s2cid=207150861 |pages=185–193 |doi=10.1007/s10750-007-9245-4|bibcode=2008HyBio.595..185M }}</ref> However, a large portion of diversity is still undescribed, indicated by undocumented diversity hotspots of temporary habitats in Africa and Australia.<ref name=Martens12>{{cite journal |url=http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/98 |journal=[[European Journal of Taxonomy (journal)|European Journal of Taxonomy]] |issue=8 |year=2012 |title=Nine new species of Bennelongia De Deckker & McKenzie, 1981 (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Western Australia, with the description of a new subfamily |author=K. Martens, S. A. Halse & I. Schon |pages=1–56|doi=10.5852/ejt.2012.8 }}</ref> Non-marine species have been found to live in sulfidic cave ecosystems such as the [[Movile Cave]], deep groundwaters, hypersaline waters, acidic waters with pH as low as 3.4, [[phytotelma]]ta in plants like [[Bromeliaceae|bromeliads]], and in temperatures varying from almost freezing to more than 50&nbsp;°C in hot springs.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-32573-w | title=A new extremophile ostracod crustacean from the Movile Cave sulfidic chemoautotrophic ecosystem in Romania | year=2023 | last1=Iepure | first1=Sanda | last2=Wysocka | first2=Anna | last3=Sarbu | first3=Serban M. | last4=Kijowska | first4=Michalina | last5=Namiotko | first5=Tadeusz | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=13 | issue=1 | page=6112 | pmid=37059813 | pmc=10104858 | bibcode=2023NatSR..13.6112I }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0248863 | doi-access=free | title=Copepods and ostracods associated with bromeliads in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico | year=2021 | last1=Mercado-Salas | first1=Nancy F. | last2=Khodami | first2=Sahar | last3=Martínez Arbizu | first3=Pedro | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=16 | issue=3 | pages=e0248863 | pmid=33735283 | pmc=7971893 | bibcode=2021PLoSO..1648863M }}</ref> Of the known specific and generic diversity of non-marine ostracods, half (1000 species, 100 genera) belongs to one family (of 13 families), [[Cyprididae]].<ref name=Martens12/> Many Cyprididae occur in temporary water bodies and have drought-resistant eggs, mixed/[[parthenogenetic]] reproduction, and the ability to swim.  These biological attributes preadapt them to form successful radiations in these habitats.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horne |first1=D. J. |last2=Martens |first2=Koen |editor-last1=Brendonck |editor-first1=L. |editor-last2=De Meester |editor-first2=L. |editor-last3=Hairston |editor-first3=N. |title=Evolutionary and ecological aspects of crustacean diapause |publisher=Advances in Limnology |year=1998 |volume=52 |pages=549–561 |chapter=An assessment of the importance of resting eggs for the evolutionary success of non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea) |chapter-url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783510470549/Evolutionary_and_ecological_aspects_of_crustacean_diapause |isbn=9783510470549}}</ref>